Spinel LiMn(2)O(4) as a Capacitive Deionization Electrode Material with High Desalination Capacity: Experiment and Simulation

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a newly developed desalination technology with low energy consumption and environmental friendliness. The surface area restricts the desalination capacities of traditional carbon-based CDI electrodes while battery materials emerge as CDI electrodes with high performances due to the larger electrochemical capacities, but suffer limited production of materials. LiMn(2)O(4) is a massively-produced lithium-ion battery material with a stable spinel structure and a high theoretical specific capacity of 148 mAh·g(−1), revealing a promising candidate for CDI electrode. Herein, we employed spinel LiMn(2)O(4) as the cathode and activated carbon as the anode in the CDI cell with an anion exchange membrane to limit the movement of cations, thus, the lithium ions released from LiMn(2)O(4) would attract the chloride ions and trigger the desalination process of the other side of the membrane. An ultrahigh deionization capacity of 159.49 mg·g(−1) was obtained at 1.0 V with an initial salinity of 20 mM. The desalination capacity of the CDI cell at 1.0 V with 10 mM initial NaCl concentration was 91.04 mg·g(−1), higher than that of the system with only carbon electrodes with and without the ion exchange membrane (39.88 mg·g(−1) and 7.84 mg·g(−1), respectively). In addition, the desalination results and mechanisms were further verified with the simulation of COMSOL Multiphysics.