Measuring the Non-Linear Relationship between Three-Dimensional Built Environment and Urban Vitality Based on a Random Forest Model

Urban vitality is a major indicator used for evaluating the sustainability and attractiveness of an urban environment. Global experience indicates that urban vitality can be stimulated through a reasonable urban design. However, it remains incompletely understood in the literature which building-related indicators can substantially affect urban vitality in Asian countries. To give an insight into this question, our study took a step forward by focusing specifically on the influence of the three-dimensional built environment on urban vitality, based on which decision makers could enhance urban vitality from the perspective of vertical building design. A machine-learning-based framework was developed in this study. First, we utilized several building-related indicators to thoroughly measure the spatial characteristics of buildings at the township level. Second, the relationship between a three-dimensional built environment and urban vitality was revealed based on a combined use of the correlation method, scatter charts, and a random forest. In the random forest, both a benchmark and a new model were constructed to evaluate the importance of those building-related indicators. The results suggested that urban vitality was closely related to the three-dimensional built environment, which played an even more important role than common benchmark factors in stimulating urban vitality. The building coverage ratio, density of tall buildings, and floor area ratio were essential spatial drivers behind urban vitality. Therefore, urban designers and decision makers should not only take traditional factors into account but also carefully consider the potential influence of high-rise buildings and the outdoor thermal environment so that urban vitality can be enhanced. Our study’s results can offer practical recommendations for improving urban vitality from the perspective of vertical building design. The proposed framework can also be used for measuring the potential influence of the three-dimensional built environment in other areas.