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Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation?
Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9820159/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36614020 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010578 |
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author | Harsanyi, Stefan Kupcova, Ida Danisovic, Lubos Klein, Martin |
author_facet | Harsanyi, Stefan Kupcova, Ida Danisovic, Lubos Klein, Martin |
author_sort | Harsanyi, Stefan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients’ state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows that their relationship with the etiology of depression is causative. There are stronger cytokine reactions to pathogens and stressors in depression. If combined with other predisposing factors, responses lead to prolonged inflammatory processes, prolonged dysregulation of various axes, stress, pain, mood changes, anxiety, and depression. This review focuses on the most recent data on cytokines as markers of depression concerning their roles in its pathogenesis, their possible use in diagnosis and management, their different levels in bodily fluids, and their similarities in animal studies. However, cytokines are not isolated from the pathophysiologic mechanisms of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Their effects are only a part of the whole pathway. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9820159 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98201592023-01-07 Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? Harsanyi, Stefan Kupcova, Ida Danisovic, Lubos Klein, Martin Int J Mol Sci Review Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients’ state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows that their relationship with the etiology of depression is causative. There are stronger cytokine reactions to pathogens and stressors in depression. If combined with other predisposing factors, responses lead to prolonged inflammatory processes, prolonged dysregulation of various axes, stress, pain, mood changes, anxiety, and depression. This review focuses on the most recent data on cytokines as markers of depression concerning their roles in its pathogenesis, their possible use in diagnosis and management, their different levels in bodily fluids, and their similarities in animal studies. However, cytokines are not isolated from the pathophysiologic mechanisms of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Their effects are only a part of the whole pathway. MDPI 2022-12-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9820159/ /pubmed/36614020 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010578 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Harsanyi, Stefan Kupcova, Ida Danisovic, Lubos Klein, Martin Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title | Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title_full | Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title_fullStr | Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title_full_unstemmed | Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title_short | Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? |
title_sort | selected biomarkers of depression: what are the effects of cytokines and inflammation? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9820159/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36614020 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010578 |
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