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Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China
Objective: Maternal dietary undernutrition is known to be associated with the risk of vitamin D (VD) deficiency. However, whether the risk of VD deficiency in women of reproductive age is influenced by the interaction between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition remains unknown. The aim of this...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9823381/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36615784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010126 |
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author | Zhang, Yuan Lin, Shiqi Li, Jiajia Song, Xinming Chen, Gong Pei, Lijun |
author_facet | Zhang, Yuan Lin, Shiqi Li, Jiajia Song, Xinming Chen, Gong Pei, Lijun |
author_sort | Zhang, Yuan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Objective: Maternal dietary undernutrition is known to be associated with the risk of vitamin D (VD) deficiency. However, whether the risk of VD deficiency in women of reproductive age is influenced by the interaction between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition remains unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the interaction between passive smoking and dietary undernutrition on the risk of VD deficiency. Methods: A population-based case–control study including 1151 non-pregnant women of reproductive age between 18 and 40 years old was conducted in Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010. Blood samples and information on exposure factors were collected. The prevalence of VD deficiency was estimated based on a result of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 26.0 ng/mL. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the risk of VD deficiency. Results: The prevalence of VD deficiency was 61.5%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the interactions between passive smoking and no nutritional supplementation, passive smoking and insufficient egg intake, and passive smoking and insufficient milk dairy products intake were associated with the risk of VD deficiency, and the adjusted ORs were 3.40 (95% CI 2.26–5.13), 2.87 (95% CI 2.20–4.10), and 2.18 (95% CI 1.33–3.58), respectively. The interaction coefficients were calculated to be 2.35, 2.79, and 1.70, respectively, indicating there were significant interaction effects, as all of the coefficients were higher than 1. Conclusions: Our findings present that the risk of VD deficiency was potentially influenced by interactions between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition. Passive smoking might strengthen the effect of inadequate nutrition on the risk of VD deficiency among rural women of reproductive age. More attention should be paid to the health education and nutritional status improvement of women of reproductive age, especially in rural areas of developing countries. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9823381 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98233812023-01-08 Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China Zhang, Yuan Lin, Shiqi Li, Jiajia Song, Xinming Chen, Gong Pei, Lijun Nutrients Article Objective: Maternal dietary undernutrition is known to be associated with the risk of vitamin D (VD) deficiency. However, whether the risk of VD deficiency in women of reproductive age is influenced by the interaction between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition remains unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the interaction between passive smoking and dietary undernutrition on the risk of VD deficiency. Methods: A population-based case–control study including 1151 non-pregnant women of reproductive age between 18 and 40 years old was conducted in Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010. Blood samples and information on exposure factors were collected. The prevalence of VD deficiency was estimated based on a result of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 26.0 ng/mL. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the risk of VD deficiency. Results: The prevalence of VD deficiency was 61.5%. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the interactions between passive smoking and no nutritional supplementation, passive smoking and insufficient egg intake, and passive smoking and insufficient milk dairy products intake were associated with the risk of VD deficiency, and the adjusted ORs were 3.40 (95% CI 2.26–5.13), 2.87 (95% CI 2.20–4.10), and 2.18 (95% CI 1.33–3.58), respectively. The interaction coefficients were calculated to be 2.35, 2.79, and 1.70, respectively, indicating there were significant interaction effects, as all of the coefficients were higher than 1. Conclusions: Our findings present that the risk of VD deficiency was potentially influenced by interactions between passive smoking and inadequate nutrition. Passive smoking might strengthen the effect of inadequate nutrition on the risk of VD deficiency among rural women of reproductive age. More attention should be paid to the health education and nutritional status improvement of women of reproductive age, especially in rural areas of developing countries. MDPI 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9823381/ /pubmed/36615784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010126 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Zhang, Yuan Lin, Shiqi Li, Jiajia Song, Xinming Chen, Gong Pei, Lijun Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title | Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title_full | Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title_fullStr | Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title_full_unstemmed | Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title_short | Interaction of Passive Smoking and Diet Habits on Vitamin D Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Central China |
title_sort | interaction of passive smoking and diet habits on vitamin d deficiency among women of reproductive age in rural central china |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9823381/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36615784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010126 |
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