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Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity

For more than a decade, there has been a wide debate about the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with, on the one hand, the supporters of their anabolic effects and, on the other hand, those who suspect them of promoting insulin resistance. Indeed, the role of leucin...

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Autores principales: De Bandt, Jean-Pascal, Coumoul, Xavier, Barouki, Robert
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824001/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36615726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010068
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author De Bandt, Jean-Pascal
Coumoul, Xavier
Barouki, Robert
author_facet De Bandt, Jean-Pascal
Coumoul, Xavier
Barouki, Robert
author_sort De Bandt, Jean-Pascal
collection PubMed
description For more than a decade, there has been a wide debate about the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with, on the one hand, the supporters of their anabolic effects and, on the other hand, those who suspect them of promoting insulin resistance. Indeed, the role of leucine in the postprandial activation of protein synthesis has been clearly established, even though supplementation studies aimed at taking advantage of this property are rather disappointing. Furthermore, there is ample evidence of an association between the elevation of their plasma concentrations and insulin resistance or the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although there are many confounding factors, starting with the level of animal protein consumption. After a summary of their metabolism and anabolic properties, we analyze in this review the factors likely to increase the plasma concentrations of BCAAs, including insulin-resistance. After an analysis of supplementation or restriction studies in search of a direct role of BCAAs in insulin resistance, we discuss an indirect role through some of their metabolites: branched-chain keto acids, C3 and C5 acylcarnitines, and hydroxyisobutyrate. Overall, given the importance of insulin in the metabolism of these amino acids, it is very likely that small alterations in insulin sensitivity are responsible for a reduction in their catabolism long before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance.
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spelling pubmed-98240012023-01-08 Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity De Bandt, Jean-Pascal Coumoul, Xavier Barouki, Robert Nutrients Review For more than a decade, there has been a wide debate about the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, valine, and isoleucine, with, on the one hand, the supporters of their anabolic effects and, on the other hand, those who suspect them of promoting insulin resistance. Indeed, the role of leucine in the postprandial activation of protein synthesis has been clearly established, even though supplementation studies aimed at taking advantage of this property are rather disappointing. Furthermore, there is ample evidence of an association between the elevation of their plasma concentrations and insulin resistance or the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although there are many confounding factors, starting with the level of animal protein consumption. After a summary of their metabolism and anabolic properties, we analyze in this review the factors likely to increase the plasma concentrations of BCAAs, including insulin-resistance. After an analysis of supplementation or restriction studies in search of a direct role of BCAAs in insulin resistance, we discuss an indirect role through some of their metabolites: branched-chain keto acids, C3 and C5 acylcarnitines, and hydroxyisobutyrate. Overall, given the importance of insulin in the metabolism of these amino acids, it is very likely that small alterations in insulin sensitivity are responsible for a reduction in their catabolism long before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance. MDPI 2022-12-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9824001/ /pubmed/36615726 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010068 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
De Bandt, Jean-Pascal
Coumoul, Xavier
Barouki, Robert
Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title_full Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title_fullStr Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title_full_unstemmed Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title_short Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Resistance, from Protein Supply to Diet-Induced Obesity
title_sort branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance, from protein supply to diet-induced obesity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824001/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36615726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010068
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