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Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication

The effects of post-treatment temperature-based methods for accelerating the ageing of PLA were studied on 1D single-PLA filaments after fused filament fabrication (FFF). The goal was to answer the questions whether the PLA can be safely aged—i.e., without degrading—at higher temperatures; at which...

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Autores principales: Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime, Tarancón, Sandra, Pastor, José Ygnacio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824215/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36616419
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010069
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author Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime
Tarancón, Sandra
Pastor, José Ygnacio
author_facet Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime
Tarancón, Sandra
Pastor, José Ygnacio
author_sort Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime
collection PubMed
description The effects of post-treatment temperature-based methods for accelerating the ageing of PLA were studied on 1D single-PLA filaments after fused filament fabrication (FFF). The goal was to answer the questions whether the PLA can be safely aged—i.e., without degrading—at higher temperatures; at which temperatures, if any; how long it takes for the PLA to fully age at the chosen temperature; and which are the main differences between the material aged at room temperature and the material aged at higher temperatures. We also share other helpful information found. The use of 1D filaments allows for decoupling the variables related to the 3D structure (layer height, raster angle, infill density, and layers adhesion) from the variables solely related to the material (here, we analysed the molecular weight, the molecular orientation, and the crystallinity). 1D PLA filaments were aged at 20, 39, 42, 51, 65, 75, and 80 °C in a water-bath-inspired process in which the hydrolytic degradation of the PLA was minimised for the ageing temperatures of interest. Those temperatures were selected based on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scan of the PLA right after it was printed in order to study the most effective ageing temperature, 39 °C, and highlight possible degradation mechanisms during ageing. The evolution of the thermal and mechanical properties of the PLA filaments at different temperatures was recorded and compared with those of the material aged at room temperature. A DSC scan was used to evaluate the thermal and physical properties, in which the glass transition, enthalpic relaxation, crystallisation, and melting reactions were analysed. A double glass transition was found, and its potential implications for the scientific community are discussed. Tensile tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength and elastic modulus. The flow-induced molecular orientation, the degradation, the logistic fitting, and the so-called summer effect—the stabilisation of properties at higher values when aged at higher temperatures—are discussed to assess the safety of accelerating the ageing rate and the differences between the materials aged at different temperatures. It was found that the PLA aged at 39 °C (1) reached almost stable properties with just one day of ageing, i.e., the ageing rate accelerated by 875% for the elastic modulus and by 1635% for the yield strength; (2) the stable properties were higher than those from the PLA aged at room temperature; and (3) no signs of degradation were identified for the ageing temperature of interest.
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spelling pubmed-98242152023-01-08 Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime Tarancón, Sandra Pastor, José Ygnacio Polymers (Basel) Article The effects of post-treatment temperature-based methods for accelerating the ageing of PLA were studied on 1D single-PLA filaments after fused filament fabrication (FFF). The goal was to answer the questions whether the PLA can be safely aged—i.e., without degrading—at higher temperatures; at which temperatures, if any; how long it takes for the PLA to fully age at the chosen temperature; and which are the main differences between the material aged at room temperature and the material aged at higher temperatures. We also share other helpful information found. The use of 1D filaments allows for decoupling the variables related to the 3D structure (layer height, raster angle, infill density, and layers adhesion) from the variables solely related to the material (here, we analysed the molecular weight, the molecular orientation, and the crystallinity). 1D PLA filaments were aged at 20, 39, 42, 51, 65, 75, and 80 °C in a water-bath-inspired process in which the hydrolytic degradation of the PLA was minimised for the ageing temperatures of interest. Those temperatures were selected based on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scan of the PLA right after it was printed in order to study the most effective ageing temperature, 39 °C, and highlight possible degradation mechanisms during ageing. The evolution of the thermal and mechanical properties of the PLA filaments at different temperatures was recorded and compared with those of the material aged at room temperature. A DSC scan was used to evaluate the thermal and physical properties, in which the glass transition, enthalpic relaxation, crystallisation, and melting reactions were analysed. A double glass transition was found, and its potential implications for the scientific community are discussed. Tensile tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength and elastic modulus. The flow-induced molecular orientation, the degradation, the logistic fitting, and the so-called summer effect—the stabilisation of properties at higher values when aged at higher temperatures—are discussed to assess the safety of accelerating the ageing rate and the differences between the materials aged at different temperatures. It was found that the PLA aged at 39 °C (1) reached almost stable properties with just one day of ageing, i.e., the ageing rate accelerated by 875% for the elastic modulus and by 1635% for the yield strength; (2) the stable properties were higher than those from the PLA aged at room temperature; and (3) no signs of degradation were identified for the ageing temperature of interest. MDPI 2022-12-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9824215/ /pubmed/36616419 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010069 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Orellana-Barrasa, Jaime
Tarancón, Sandra
Pastor, José Ygnacio
Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title_full Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title_fullStr Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title_short Effects of Accelerating the Ageing of 1D PLA Filaments after Fused Filament Fabrication
title_sort effects of accelerating the ageing of 1d pla filaments after fused filament fabrication
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824215/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36616419
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010069
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