Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of porous S-doped carbon nitride ribbons for photocatalytic reduction of CO(2)

A series of porous S-doped carbon nitride ribbons (PSCN) were prepared by one-pot hydrothermal and sonochemical synthesis techniques. The morphologies and nanostructures of the catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD and IR, which confirmed the pristine graphitic structures of carbon nitrides retained in the products. Due to sonication treatment, PSCN has porous structures in the thin ribbon and larger specific surface areas (PSCN 43.5 m(2)/g, SCN 26.6 m(2)/g and GCN 6.5 m(2)/g). XPS and elemental mappings verified that sulfur atoms were successfully introduced into the carbon nitride framework. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) results showed S-doping in the carbon nitride reduced the bandgap energy and enhanced their capability of the utilization of visible light, which contributed to higher photo-generated current. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis indicates the recombination of photogenerated carriers was suppressed in PSCN. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance showed that S-doping and porous and thin ribbon nanostructures may effectively boost the CO(2) reduction rate (to as much as 5.8 times of GCN) when illuminated by visible light (>420 nm) without the need of sacrificial materials. The preliminary mechanisms of the formation of PSCN and its applications in photocatalytic CO(2) reduction are proposed. It highlights the potential of the current technique to produce effective, nonmetal-doped carbon nitride photocatalysts.