Roles of the apicoplast across the life cycles of rodent and human malaria parasites

Malaria parasites are diheteroxenous, requiring two hosts—a vertebrate and a mosquito—to complete their life cycle. Mosquitoes are the definitive host where malaria parasite sex occurs, and vertebrates are the intermediate host, supporting asexual amplification and more significant geographic spread. In this review, we examine the roles of a single malaria parasite compartment, the relict plastid known as the apicoplast, at each life cycle stage. We focus mainly on two malaria parasite species—Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei—comparing the changing, yet ever crucial, roles of their apicoplasts.