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Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce
[Image: see text] Tire wear particle (TWP)-derived compounds may be of high concern to consumers when released in the root zone of edible plants. We exposed lettuce plants to the TWP-derived compounds diphenylguanidine (DPG), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), benzothiazole (BTZ), N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-di...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Chemical Society
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9835885/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36576319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05660 |
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author | Castan, Stephanie Sherman, Anya Peng, Ruoting Zumstein, Michael T. Wanek, Wolfgang Hüffer, Thorsten Hofmann, Thilo |
author_facet | Castan, Stephanie Sherman, Anya Peng, Ruoting Zumstein, Michael T. Wanek, Wolfgang Hüffer, Thorsten Hofmann, Thilo |
author_sort | Castan, Stephanie |
collection | PubMed |
description | [Image: see text] Tire wear particle (TWP)-derived compounds may be of high concern to consumers when released in the root zone of edible plants. We exposed lettuce plants to the TWP-derived compounds diphenylguanidine (DPG), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), benzothiazole (BTZ), N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and its quinone transformation product (6PPD-q) at concentrations of 1 mg L(–1) in hydroponic solutions over 14 days to analyze if they are taken up and metabolized by the plants. Assuming that TWP may be a long-term source of TWP-derived compounds to plants, we further investigated the effect of leaching from TWP on the concentration of leachate compounds in lettuce leaves by adding constantly leaching TWP to the hydroponic solutions. Concentrations in leaves, roots, and nutrient solution were quantified by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and metabolites in the leaves were identified by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates that TWP-derived compounds are readily taken up by lettuce with measured maximum leaf concentrations between ∼0.75 (6PPD) and 20 μg g(–1) (HMMM). Although these compounds were metabolized in the plant, we identified several transformation products, most of which proved to be more stable in the lettuce leaves than the parent compounds. Furthermore, continuous leaching from TWP led to a resupply and replenishment of the metabolized compounds in the lettuce leaves. The stability of metabolized TWP-derived compounds with largely unknown toxicities is particularly concerning and is an important new aspect for the impact assessment of TWP in the environment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9835885 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | American Chemical Society |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98358852023-01-13 Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce Castan, Stephanie Sherman, Anya Peng, Ruoting Zumstein, Michael T. Wanek, Wolfgang Hüffer, Thorsten Hofmann, Thilo Environ Sci Technol [Image: see text] Tire wear particle (TWP)-derived compounds may be of high concern to consumers when released in the root zone of edible plants. We exposed lettuce plants to the TWP-derived compounds diphenylguanidine (DPG), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), benzothiazole (BTZ), N-phenyl-N′-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and its quinone transformation product (6PPD-q) at concentrations of 1 mg L(–1) in hydroponic solutions over 14 days to analyze if they are taken up and metabolized by the plants. Assuming that TWP may be a long-term source of TWP-derived compounds to plants, we further investigated the effect of leaching from TWP on the concentration of leachate compounds in lettuce leaves by adding constantly leaching TWP to the hydroponic solutions. Concentrations in leaves, roots, and nutrient solution were quantified by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and metabolites in the leaves were identified by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates that TWP-derived compounds are readily taken up by lettuce with measured maximum leaf concentrations between ∼0.75 (6PPD) and 20 μg g(–1) (HMMM). Although these compounds were metabolized in the plant, we identified several transformation products, most of which proved to be more stable in the lettuce leaves than the parent compounds. Furthermore, continuous leaching from TWP led to a resupply and replenishment of the metabolized compounds in the lettuce leaves. The stability of metabolized TWP-derived compounds with largely unknown toxicities is particularly concerning and is an important new aspect for the impact assessment of TWP in the environment. American Chemical Society 2022-12-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9835885/ /pubmed/36576319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05660 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Castan, Stephanie Sherman, Anya Peng, Ruoting Zumstein, Michael T. Wanek, Wolfgang Hüffer, Thorsten Hofmann, Thilo Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title | Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation
of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title_full | Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation
of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title_fullStr | Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation
of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title_full_unstemmed | Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation
of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title_short | Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation
of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce |
title_sort | uptake, metabolism, and accumulation
of tire wear particle-derived compounds in lettuce |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9835885/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36576319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05660 |
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