The Biomechanical Effects of Different Bag‐Carrying Styles on Lumbar Spine and Paraspinal Muscles: A Combined Musculoskeletal and Finite Element Study

OBJECTIVES: Bags such as handbags, shoulder bags, and backpacks are commonly used. However, it is difficult to assess the biomechanical effects of bag‐carrying styles on the lumbar spine and paraspinal muscles using traditional methods. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical effects of bag‐carrying styles on the lumbar spine. METHODS: We developed a hybrid model that combined a finite element (FE) model of the lumbar spine and musculoskeletal models of three bag‐carrying styles. The image data was collected from a 26‐years‐old, 176 cm and 70 kg volunteer. OpenSim and ABAQUS were used to do the musculoskeletal analysis and finite analysis. Paraspinal muscle force, intervertebral compressive force (ICF), and intervertebral shear force (ISF) on L1 were calculated and loaded into the FE model to assess the stress distribution on the lumbar spine. RESULTS: Different paraspinal muscle activation occurred in the three bag‐carrying models. The increase in the ICF generated by all three bags was greater than the bags' weights. The handbag produced greater muscle force, ICF, ISF, and peak stress on the nucleus pulposus than the backpack and shoulder bag of the same weight. Peak stress on the intervertebral discs in the backpack model and the L1–L4 segments of the shoulder bag model increased linearly with bag weight, and increased exponentially with bag weight in the handbag model. CONCLUSION: Unbalanced bag‐carrying styles (shoulder bags and handbags) led to greater muscle force, which generated greater ICF, ISF, and peak stress on the lumbar spine. The backpack produced the least burden on the lumbar spine and paraspinal muscles. Heavy handbags should be used carefully in daily life.