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Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks?
Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview on how these hormones work and what side effects they might e...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9837614/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36644692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473 |
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author | Bond, Peter Smit, Diederik L. de Ronde, Willem |
author_facet | Bond, Peter Smit, Diederik L. de Ronde, Willem |
author_sort | Bond, Peter |
collection | PubMed |
description | Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview on how these hormones work and what side effects they might elicit. We discuss how AAS are absorbed into the circulation after intramuscular injection or oral ingestion and how they are subsequently transported to the tissues, where they will move into the extravascular compartment and diffuse into their target cells. Inside these cells, AAS can biotransform into different metabolites or bind to their cognate receptor: the androgen receptor. AAS and their metabolites can cause side effects such as acne vulgaris, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, dyslipidemia, testosterone deficiency, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, and cardiomyopathy. Where applicable, we mention treatment options and self-medication practices of AAS users to counteract these side effects. Clinicians may use this review as a guide for understanding how AAS use can impact health and to assist in patient education and, in some cases, the management of side effects. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9837614 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98376142023-01-14 Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? Bond, Peter Smit, Diederik L. de Ronde, Willem Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview on how these hormones work and what side effects they might elicit. We discuss how AAS are absorbed into the circulation after intramuscular injection or oral ingestion and how they are subsequently transported to the tissues, where they will move into the extravascular compartment and diffuse into their target cells. Inside these cells, AAS can biotransform into different metabolites or bind to their cognate receptor: the androgen receptor. AAS and their metabolites can cause side effects such as acne vulgaris, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, dyslipidemia, testosterone deficiency, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, and cardiomyopathy. Where applicable, we mention treatment options and self-medication practices of AAS users to counteract these side effects. Clinicians may use this review as a guide for understanding how AAS use can impact health and to assist in patient education and, in some cases, the management of side effects. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-19 /pmc/articles/PMC9837614/ /pubmed/36644692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473 Text en Copyright © 2022 Bond, Smit and de Ronde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Endocrinology Bond, Peter Smit, Diederik L. de Ronde, Willem Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title | Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title_full | Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title_fullStr | Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title_full_unstemmed | Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title_short | Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks? |
title_sort | anabolic–androgenic steroids: how do they work and what are the risks? |
topic | Endocrinology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9837614/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36644692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473 |
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