A novel and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent quantum dot-based biosensor for alkaline phosphatase detection in biological samples via the inner-filter effect

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an important biomarker whose abnormal level in activity is associated with hepatobiliary, skeletal, and renal diseases as well as cancer. Herein, we synthesized ZnSe@ZnS quantum dots (ZnSe@ZnS QDs) and Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (Mn:ZnS QDs) as fluorophores to establish the ratiometric fluorescent assay for ALP activity detection in biological samples. p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) was used as a substrate for ALP, and the overlaps between absorption spectra of PNPP and excitation spectra of QDs resulted in sharp fluorescence quenching. Under the catalysis of ALP, PNPP was hydrolyzed into p-nitrophenol (PNP), which caused a red shift of absorption band of PNPP and fluorescence recovery of Mn:ZnS QDs (585 nm). However, the overlaps between absorption spectra of PNP and emission spectra of ZnSe@ZnS QDs led a further quenching of ZnSe@ZnS QDs (405 nm). Therefore, the ratiometric fluorescent signals (F(585)/F(405)) were associated with activity of ALP based on bidirectional responses of QDs to the concentration of PNPP. Under the optimum conditions, the method exhibited a good linear relationship from 4 to 96 U per L (R(2) = 0.9969) with the detection limit of 0.57 U per L. Moreover, the method was successfully applied for detecting the ALP activity in a complex biological matrix (human serum and HepG2 cells) with impressive specificity. In particular, the complicated chemical modifications of QDs and pretreatments of biological samples were not required in the whole detection procedures. Therefore, it not only provided a sensitive, specific and simple approach to clinical ALP activity detection, but it also provided support for early diagnosis of diseases.