Bacterial outer membrane vesicles induce a transcriptional shift in arabidopsis towards immune system activation leading to suppression of pathogen growth in planta

Gram‐negative bacteria form spherical blebs on their cell periphery, which later dissociate from the bacterial cell wall to form extracellular vesicles. These nano scale structures, known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), have been shown to promote infection and disease and can induce typical immune outputs in both mammal and plant hosts. To better understand the broad transcriptional change plants undergo following exposure to OMVs, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings with OMVs purified from the Gram‐negative plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and performed RNA‐seq analysis on OMV‐ and mock‐treated plants at 2, 6 and 24 h post challenge. The most pronounced transcriptional shift occurred at the first two time points tested, as reflected by the number of differentially expressed genes and the average fold change. OMVs induce a major transcriptional shift towards immune system activation, upregulating a multitude of immune‐related pathways including a variety of immune receptors. Comparing the response of Arabidopsis to OMVs and to purified elicitors, revealed that OMVs induce a similar suite of genes and pathways as single elicitors, however, pathways activated by OMVs and not by other elicitors were detected. Pretreating Arabidopsis plants with OMVs and subsequently infecting with a bacterial pathogen led to a significant reduction in pathogen growth. Mutations in the plant elongation factor receptor (EFR), flagellin receptor (FLS2), or the brassinosteroid‐insensitive 1–associated kinase (BAK1) co‐receptor, did not significantly affect the immune priming effect of OMVs. All together these results show that OMVs induce a broad transcriptional shift in Arabidopsis leading to upregulation of multiple immune pathways, and that this transcriptional change may facilitate resistance to bacterial infection.