Understanding the Spike Protein in COVID-19 Vaccine in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) Using Automated Capillary Western Blots

[Image: see text] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the viral agent that is responsible for the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One of the live virus vaccine candidates Merck and Co., Inc. was developing to help combat the pandemic was V590. V590 was a live-attenuated, replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) in which the envelope VSV glycoprotein (G protein) gene was replaced with the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein), the protein responsible for viral binding and fusion to the cell membrane. To assist with product and process development, a quantitative Simple Western (SW) assay was successfully developed and phase-appropriately qualified to quantitate the concentration of S protein expressed in V590 samples. A strong correlation was established between potency and S-protein concentration, which suggested that the S-protein SW assay could be used as a proxy for virus productivity optimization with faster data turnaround time (3 h vs 3 days). In addition, unlike potency, the SW assay was able to provide a qualitative profile assessment of the forms of S protein (S protein, S1 subunit, and S multimer) to ensure appropriate levels of S protein were maintained throughout process and product development. Finally, V590 stressed stability studies suggested that time and temperature contributed to the instability of S protein demonstrated by cleavage into its subunits, S1 and S2, and aggregation into S multimer. Both of which could potentially have a deleterious effect on the vaccine immunogenicity.