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The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth
The adhesive digital pads in some gecko and anoline lizards are continuously utilized for movements on vertical surfaces that may determine wear and a decrease of adhesion efficiency. The pads are formed by lamellae bearing adhesive setae that are worn out following frequent usage and are replaced b...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844433/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11010003 |
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author | Alibardi, Lorenzo |
author_facet | Alibardi, Lorenzo |
author_sort | Alibardi, Lorenzo |
collection | PubMed |
description | The adhesive digital pads in some gecko and anoline lizards are continuously utilized for movements on vertical surfaces that may determine wear and a decrease of adhesion efficiency. The pads are formed by lamellae bearing adhesive setae that are worn out following frequent usage and are replaced by new inner setae that maintain an efficient adhesion. Whether the extensive usage of adhesive setae determines a higher shedding frequency in the digital pads with respect to other body regions remains unknown. Setae replacement has been analyzed in embryos and adult lizards using autoradiography and 5BrdU-immunohistochemistry. The observation strongly suggests that during development and epidermal renewal in adult lamellae, there is a shifting of the outer setae toward the apex of the lamella. This movement is likely derived from the continuous addition of proteins in the beta- and alpha-layers sustaining the outer setae while the inner setae are forming. Ultrastructural and in situ hybridization studies indicate that the thin outer beta- and alpha-layers still contain mRNAs and ribosomes that may contribute to the continuous production of corneous beta proteins (CBPs) and keratins for the growth of the free margin at the apex of the lamella. This process determines the apical shifting and release of the old setae, while the new inner setae formed underneath becomes the new outer setae. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9844433 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98444332023-01-18 The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth Alibardi, Lorenzo J Dev Biol Review The adhesive digital pads in some gecko and anoline lizards are continuously utilized for movements on vertical surfaces that may determine wear and a decrease of adhesion efficiency. The pads are formed by lamellae bearing adhesive setae that are worn out following frequent usage and are replaced by new inner setae that maintain an efficient adhesion. Whether the extensive usage of adhesive setae determines a higher shedding frequency in the digital pads with respect to other body regions remains unknown. Setae replacement has been analyzed in embryos and adult lizards using autoradiography and 5BrdU-immunohistochemistry. The observation strongly suggests that during development and epidermal renewal in adult lamellae, there is a shifting of the outer setae toward the apex of the lamella. This movement is likely derived from the continuous addition of proteins in the beta- and alpha-layers sustaining the outer setae while the inner setae are forming. Ultrastructural and in situ hybridization studies indicate that the thin outer beta- and alpha-layers still contain mRNAs and ribosomes that may contribute to the continuous production of corneous beta proteins (CBPs) and keratins for the growth of the free margin at the apex of the lamella. This process determines the apical shifting and release of the old setae, while the new inner setae formed underneath becomes the new outer setae. MDPI 2022-12-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9844433/ /pubmed/36648905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11010003 Text en © 2022 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Alibardi, Lorenzo The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title | The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title_full | The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title_fullStr | The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title_full_unstemmed | The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title_short | The Periodic Replacement of Adhesive Setae in Pad Lamellae of Climbing Lizards Is Driven by Patterns of Corneous Layer Growth |
title_sort | periodic replacement of adhesive setae in pad lamellae of climbing lizards is driven by patterns of corneous layer growth |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844433/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb11010003 |
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