Cargando…

The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, t...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Basudan, Ahmed M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844484/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648843
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003
_version_ 1784870671913844736
author Basudan, Ahmed M.
author_facet Basudan, Ahmed M.
author_sort Basudan, Ahmed M.
collection PubMed
description Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, three immune checkpoint molecules have been under extensive research, which include cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1). Despite remarkable success, not all patients respond positively to therapy, which highlights the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune system. This has led to the identification of molecular biomarkers to predict response and toxicity. In addition, there has been an emerging focus on developing new delivery and targeting approaches for better drug efficacy and potency. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of major CPIs, their clinical impact, variation in effectiveness, response prediction, updated clinical indications, current challenges and limitations, promising novel approaches, and future directions.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9844484
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-98444842023-01-18 The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy Basudan, Ahmed M. Clin Pract Review Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, three immune checkpoint molecules have been under extensive research, which include cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1). Despite remarkable success, not all patients respond positively to therapy, which highlights the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune system. This has led to the identification of molecular biomarkers to predict response and toxicity. In addition, there has been an emerging focus on developing new delivery and targeting approaches for better drug efficacy and potency. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of major CPIs, their clinical impact, variation in effectiveness, response prediction, updated clinical indications, current challenges and limitations, promising novel approaches, and future directions. MDPI 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9844484/ /pubmed/36648843 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003 Text en © 2022 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Basudan, Ahmed M.
The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title_full The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title_fullStr The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title_short The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
title_sort role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844484/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648843
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003
work_keys_str_mv AT basudanahmedm theroleofimmunecheckpointinhibitorsincancertherapy
AT basudanahmedm roleofimmunecheckpointinhibitorsincancertherapy