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The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy
Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, t...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844484/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648843 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003 |
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author | Basudan, Ahmed M. |
author_facet | Basudan, Ahmed M. |
author_sort | Basudan, Ahmed M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, three immune checkpoint molecules have been under extensive research, which include cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1). Despite remarkable success, not all patients respond positively to therapy, which highlights the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune system. This has led to the identification of molecular biomarkers to predict response and toxicity. In addition, there has been an emerging focus on developing new delivery and targeting approaches for better drug efficacy and potency. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of major CPIs, their clinical impact, variation in effectiveness, response prediction, updated clinical indications, current challenges and limitations, promising novel approaches, and future directions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9844484 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98444842023-01-18 The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy Basudan, Ahmed M. Clin Pract Review Over the years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have become a powerful treatment strategy in the field of cancer immunotherapy. In the last decade, the number of FDA-approved CPIs has been increasing prominently, opening new horizons for the treatment of a wide range of tumor types. Pointedly, three immune checkpoint molecules have been under extensive research, which include cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand-1 (PD-L1). Despite remarkable success, not all patients respond positively to therapy, which highlights the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune system. This has led to the identification of molecular biomarkers to predict response and toxicity. In addition, there has been an emerging focus on developing new delivery and targeting approaches for better drug efficacy and potency. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of major CPIs, their clinical impact, variation in effectiveness, response prediction, updated clinical indications, current challenges and limitations, promising novel approaches, and future directions. MDPI 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9844484/ /pubmed/36648843 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003 Text en © 2022 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Basudan, Ahmed M. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title | The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title_full | The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title_fullStr | The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title_short | The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy |
title_sort | role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9844484/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648843 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010003 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT basudanahmedm theroleofimmunecheckpointinhibitorsincancertherapy AT basudanahmedm roleofimmunecheckpointinhibitorsincancertherapy |