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Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders
About one-fourth of the global population is either overweight or obese, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. In obesity, both immune cells and adipocytes produce an excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may play a significant role in di...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Korean Society of Pathologists and the Korean Society for Cytopathology
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846011/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36647284 http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.14 |
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author | Ray, Amitabha Bonorden, Melissa J. L. Pandit, Rajashree Nkhata, Katai J. Bishayee, Anupam |
author_facet | Ray, Amitabha Bonorden, Melissa J. L. Pandit, Rajashree Nkhata, Katai J. Bishayee, Anupam |
author_sort | Ray, Amitabha |
collection | PubMed |
description | About one-fourth of the global population is either overweight or obese, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. In obesity, both immune cells and adipocytes produce an excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may play a significant role in disease progression. In the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, important pathological characteristics such as involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial injury, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release have been shown to be connected with obesity and associated sequelae such as insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This pathological connection may explain the severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic disorders. Many studies have also reported an association between type 2 diabetes and persistent viral infections. Similarly, diabetes favors the growth of various microorganisms including protozoal pathogens as well as opportunistic bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, diabetes is a risk factor for a number of prion-like diseases. There is also an interesting relationship between helminths and type 2 diabetes; helminthiasis may reduce the pro-inflammatory state, but is also associated with type 2 diabetes or even neoplastic processes. Several studies have also documented altered circulating levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes in obesity, which likely modifies vaccine effectiveness. Timely monitoring of inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) and energy homeostasis markers (e.g., leptin) could be helpful in preventing many obesity-related diseases. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9846011 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | The Korean Society of Pathologists and the Korean Society for Cytopathology |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98460112023-01-31 Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders Ray, Amitabha Bonorden, Melissa J. L. Pandit, Rajashree Nkhata, Katai J. Bishayee, Anupam J Pathol Transl Med Review About one-fourth of the global population is either overweight or obese, both of which increase the risk of insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. In obesity, both immune cells and adipocytes produce an excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may play a significant role in disease progression. In the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, important pathological characteristics such as involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial injury, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release have been shown to be connected with obesity and associated sequelae such as insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and hypertension. This pathological connection may explain the severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic disorders. Many studies have also reported an association between type 2 diabetes and persistent viral infections. Similarly, diabetes favors the growth of various microorganisms including protozoal pathogens as well as opportunistic bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, diabetes is a risk factor for a number of prion-like diseases. There is also an interesting relationship between helminths and type 2 diabetes; helminthiasis may reduce the pro-inflammatory state, but is also associated with type 2 diabetes or even neoplastic processes. Several studies have also documented altered circulating levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes in obesity, which likely modifies vaccine effectiveness. Timely monitoring of inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein) and energy homeostasis markers (e.g., leptin) could be helpful in preventing many obesity-related diseases. The Korean Society of Pathologists and the Korean Society for Cytopathology 2023-01 2023-01-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9846011/ /pubmed/36647284 http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.14 Text en © 2023 The Korean Society of Pathologists/The Korean Society for Cytopathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Ray, Amitabha Bonorden, Melissa J. L. Pandit, Rajashree Nkhata, Katai J. Bishayee, Anupam Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title | Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title_full | Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title_fullStr | Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title_full_unstemmed | Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title_short | Infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
title_sort | infections and immunity: associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846011/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36647284 http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.14 |
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