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More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics
People who self-identify as predominantly spiritual constitute a considerable and well-established part of the religious landscape in North America and Europe. Thus, further research is needed to document predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with self-identifying primarily as a spiritual...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36687860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025938 |
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author | Chen, Zhuo Job Cowden, Richard G. Streib, Heinz |
author_facet | Chen, Zhuo Job Cowden, Richard G. Streib, Heinz |
author_sort | Chen, Zhuo Job |
collection | PubMed |
description | People who self-identify as predominantly spiritual constitute a considerable and well-established part of the religious landscape in North America and Europe. Thus, further research is needed to document predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with self-identifying primarily as a spiritual person. In the following set of studies, we contribute to some of these areas using data from German and United States adults. Study 1 (n = 3,491) used cross-sectional data to compare four religious/spiritual (R/S) self-identity groups—more religious than spiritual (MRTS), more spiritual than religious (MSTR), equally religious and spiritual (ERAS), and neither religious nor spiritual (NRNS)—on sociodemographic characteristics and a range of criterion variables (i.e., Big Five personality traits, psychological well-being, generativity, mystical experiences, religious schemata). In Study 2 (n = 751), we applied the analytic template for outcome-wide longitudinal designs to examine associations of the four R/S self-identifications with a range of subsequent outcomes (assessed approximately 3 years later) that were largely comparable to the criterion variables assessed in Study 1. The cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from these complementary studies provide further evidence of differences between these four categories of R/S self-identification, including strong evidence in both studies of an association between the MSTR self-identity and mysticism. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9846486 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98464862023-01-19 More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics Chen, Zhuo Job Cowden, Richard G. Streib, Heinz Front Psychol Psychology People who self-identify as predominantly spiritual constitute a considerable and well-established part of the religious landscape in North America and Europe. Thus, further research is needed to document predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with self-identifying primarily as a spiritual person. In the following set of studies, we contribute to some of these areas using data from German and United States adults. Study 1 (n = 3,491) used cross-sectional data to compare four religious/spiritual (R/S) self-identity groups—more religious than spiritual (MRTS), more spiritual than religious (MSTR), equally religious and spiritual (ERAS), and neither religious nor spiritual (NRNS)—on sociodemographic characteristics and a range of criterion variables (i.e., Big Five personality traits, psychological well-being, generativity, mystical experiences, religious schemata). In Study 2 (n = 751), we applied the analytic template for outcome-wide longitudinal designs to examine associations of the four R/S self-identifications with a range of subsequent outcomes (assessed approximately 3 years later) that were largely comparable to the criterion variables assessed in Study 1. The cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from these complementary studies provide further evidence of differences between these four categories of R/S self-identification, including strong evidence in both studies of an association between the MSTR self-identity and mysticism. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9846486/ /pubmed/36687860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025938 Text en Copyright © 2023 Chen, Cowden and Streib. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Chen, Zhuo Job Cowden, Richard G. Streib, Heinz More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title | More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title_full | More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title_fullStr | More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title_full_unstemmed | More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title_short | More spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
title_sort | more spiritual than religious: concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9846486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36687860 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025938 |
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