Can Primary Care Drive Tuberculosis Elimination? Increasing Latent Tuberculosis Infection Testing and Treatment Initiation at a Community Health Center with a Large Non-U.S.-born Population

Community health centers (CHC) play a key role in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) testing and treatment. We performed a retrospective analysis of LTBI testing and treatment among pediatric and adult patients at a CHC with a large non-U.S.-born (USB) population during a series of quality improvement (QI) interventions from 2010 to 2019. Among 124,695 patients with primary care visits, 40% of patients were tested for tuberculosis (TB) infection and among those tested, 20% tested positive, including 39% of adults aged 50–79 years. Compared to adults aged 18–49 years, children aged 6–17 had increased odds of LTBI testing and treatment initiation [odds ratio and 95% confidence interval 3.23 (3.10, 3.36) and 1.41 (1.12, 1.79), respectively], while age ≥ 65 was associated with lower odds of both testing and treatment initiation. Over the analysis period, coinciding with unfunded QI interventions intended to reduce barriers to LTBI care, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients receiving LTBI testing for both adults (6% to 47%, p < 0.001) and children (23% to 80%, p < 0.001). During the analysis period, there was also a significant increase in the proportion of patients receiving prescriptions for LTBI treatment, as well as provider use of evidence-based strategies including rifamycin-based treatment. Our study suggests that primary care interventions can reduce barriers to LTBI treatment and drive TB elimination. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10903-022-01438-1.