Sulfated GAG mimetic peptide nanofibers enhance chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in 3D in vitro models

Articular cartilage, which is exposed to continuous repetitive compressive stress, has limited self-healing capacity in the case of trauma. Thus, it is crucial to develop new treatment options for the effective regeneration of the cartilage tissue. Current cellular therapy treatment options are microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation; however, these treatments induce the formation of fibrous cartilage, which degenerates over time, rather than functional hyaline cartilage tissue. Tissue engineering studies using biodegradable scaffolds and autologous cells are vital for developing an effective long-term treatment option. 3D scaffolds composed of glycosaminoglycan-like peptide nanofibers are synthetic, bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable and trigger cell–cell interactions that enhance chondrogenic differentiation of cells without using any growth factors. We showed differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes in both 2D and 3D culture, which produce a functional cartilage extracellular matrix, employing bioactive cues integrated into the peptide nanofiber scaffold without adding exogenous growth factors.