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The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849245/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36685599 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540 |
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author | Tang, Huaguo Gu, Yuanjie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Gang Pan, Zhuoer Jiang, Xiugui |
author_facet | Tang, Huaguo Gu, Yuanjie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Gang Pan, Zhuoer Jiang, Xiugui |
author_sort | Tang, Huaguo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses, such as vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and immune-inflammatory response. Secondary injury causes further tissue loss and dysfunction, and the immune response appears to be the key molecular mechanism affecting injured tissue regeneration and functional recovery from SCI. Immune response after SCI involves the activation of different immune cells and the production of immunity-associated chemicals. With the development of new biological technologies, such as transcriptomics, the heterogeneity of immune cells and chemicals can be classified with greater precision. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the heterogeneity of these immune components and the roles they play in SCI, including reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, neutrophil migration, macrophage transformation, resident microglia activation and proliferation, and the humoral immunity mediated by T and B cells. We also summarize findings from clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies for SCI and briefly review promising therapeutic drugs currently being researched. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9849245 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98492452023-01-20 The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury Tang, Huaguo Gu, Yuanjie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Gang Pan, Zhuoer Jiang, Xiugui Front Immunol Immunology Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses, such as vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and immune-inflammatory response. Secondary injury causes further tissue loss and dysfunction, and the immune response appears to be the key molecular mechanism affecting injured tissue regeneration and functional recovery from SCI. Immune response after SCI involves the activation of different immune cells and the production of immunity-associated chemicals. With the development of new biological technologies, such as transcriptomics, the heterogeneity of immune cells and chemicals can be classified with greater precision. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the heterogeneity of these immune components and the roles they play in SCI, including reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, neutrophil migration, macrophage transformation, resident microglia activation and proliferation, and the humoral immunity mediated by T and B cells. We also summarize findings from clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies for SCI and briefly review promising therapeutic drugs currently being researched. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9849245/ /pubmed/36685599 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540 Text en Copyright © 2023 Tang, Gu, Jiang, Zheng, Pan and Jiang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Tang, Huaguo Gu, Yuanjie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Gang Pan, Zhuoer Jiang, Xiugui The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title | The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title_full | The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title_fullStr | The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title_full_unstemmed | The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title_short | The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
title_sort | role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849245/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36685599 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540 |
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