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The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses,...

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Autores principales: Tang, Huaguo, Gu, Yuanjie, Jiang, Lei, Zheng, Gang, Pan, Zhuoer, Jiang, Xiugui
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849245/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36685599
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540
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author Tang, Huaguo
Gu, Yuanjie
Jiang, Lei
Zheng, Gang
Pan, Zhuoer
Jiang, Xiugui
author_facet Tang, Huaguo
Gu, Yuanjie
Jiang, Lei
Zheng, Gang
Pan, Zhuoer
Jiang, Xiugui
author_sort Tang, Huaguo
collection PubMed
description Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses, such as vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and immune-inflammatory response. Secondary injury causes further tissue loss and dysfunction, and the immune response appears to be the key molecular mechanism affecting injured tissue regeneration and functional recovery from SCI. Immune response after SCI involves the activation of different immune cells and the production of immunity-associated chemicals. With the development of new biological technologies, such as transcriptomics, the heterogeneity of immune cells and chemicals can be classified with greater precision. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the heterogeneity of these immune components and the roles they play in SCI, including reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, neutrophil migration, macrophage transformation, resident microglia activation and proliferation, and the humoral immunity mediated by T and B cells. We also summarize findings from clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies for SCI and briefly review promising therapeutic drugs currently being researched.
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spelling pubmed-98492452023-01-20 The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury Tang, Huaguo Gu, Yuanjie Jiang, Lei Zheng, Gang Pan, Zhuoer Jiang, Xiugui Front Immunol Immunology Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition prevalent worldwide. Where the pathological mechanisms underlying SCI are concerned, we can distinguish between primary injury caused by initial mechanical damage and secondary injury characterized by a series of biological responses, such as vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter toxicity, lipid peroxidation, and immune-inflammatory response. Secondary injury causes further tissue loss and dysfunction, and the immune response appears to be the key molecular mechanism affecting injured tissue regeneration and functional recovery from SCI. Immune response after SCI involves the activation of different immune cells and the production of immunity-associated chemicals. With the development of new biological technologies, such as transcriptomics, the heterogeneity of immune cells and chemicals can be classified with greater precision. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the heterogeneity of these immune components and the roles they play in SCI, including reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, neutrophil migration, macrophage transformation, resident microglia activation and proliferation, and the humoral immunity mediated by T and B cells. We also summarize findings from clinical trials of immunomodulatory therapies for SCI and briefly review promising therapeutic drugs currently being researched. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9849245/ /pubmed/36685599 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540 Text en Copyright © 2023 Tang, Gu, Jiang, Zheng, Pan and Jiang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Tang, Huaguo
Gu, Yuanjie
Jiang, Lei
Zheng, Gang
Pan, Zhuoer
Jiang, Xiugui
The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title_full The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title_fullStr The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title_full_unstemmed The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title_short The role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
title_sort role of immune cells and associated immunological factors in the immune response to spinal cord injury
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849245/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36685599
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070540
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