Sex‐specific risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis progression in a high‐risk population of cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND: The progression of carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) and plaques are associated with cardiovascular health, especially for high‐risk population of cardiovascular disease (CVD). HYPOTHESIS: Risk factors for atherosclerosis may vary by sex. This study aimed to investigate the sex‐specific risk factors of cIMT and plaque progression. METHODS: We selected subjects who were identified as high‐risk population of CVD, and collected their carotid ultrasound data and baseline characteristics. Linear regression and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for cIMT and plaque progression. Sex‐specific risk factors were identified respectively. RESULTS: A total of 7908 participants were included. The mean age was 57.75 ± 9.45 years and 61.51% were female. During mean follow‐up of 1.92 ± 0.89 years, the median annual cIMT change rate was −7.25 μm/year. Seven hundred and fifteen subjects free from plaques at baseline developed plaque. Age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes were common risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis progression in all participants. Smoking and alcohol drinking were significantly associated with increased cIMT change in women, while hypertension and antihypertensive medication were significant in men. Increased total cholesterol and diabetes were significantly associated with new plaque presence in women, while smoking, increased triglyceride, and dyslipidemia were significant in men (p ˂ .05 for all cases). The association of baseline cIMT and smoking with annual cIMT change rate and increased total cholesterol with new plaque presence were significantly differentiated between both sexes (p for interaction ˂ .05). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for cIMT and plaque progression differed by sex.