A spatiotemporal assessment of occupants’ infection risks in a multi-occupants space using modified Wells–Riley model

Escalating demands of assessing airborne disease infection risks had been awakened from ongoing pandemics. An inhalation index linked to biomedical characteristics of pathogens (e.g. [Formula: see text] for coronavirus delta variant) was proposed to quantify human uptake dose. A modified Wells–Riley risk-assessment framework was then developed with enhanced capability of integrating biological and spatiotemporal features of infectious pathogens into assessment. The instantaneous transport characteristics of pathogens were traced by Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Droplets released via speaking and coughing in a conference room with three ventilation strategies were studied to assess occupants’ infection risks using this framework. Outcomes revealed that speaking droplets could travel with less distance (0.5 m) than coughing droplets (1 m) due to the frequent interaction between speaking flow and thermal plume. Quantified analysis of inhalation index revealed a higher inhalation possibility of droplets with nuclei size smaller than [Formula: see text] , and this cut-off size was found sensitive to ventilation. With only 60-second exposure, occupants in the near-field of host started to have considerable infection risks (approximately 20%). This risk was found minimising over distance exponentially. This modified framework demonstrated the systematic analysis of airborne transmission, from quantifying particle inhalation possibility, targeting specific disease’s [Formula: see text] , to ultimate evaluation of infection risks.