Ethnic, gender and other sociodemographic biases in genome-wide association studies for the most burdensome non-communicable diseases: 2005–2022

Introduction: Since 2005, disease-related human genetic diversity has been intensively characterized using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Understanding how and by whom this work was performed may yield valuable insights into the generalizability of GWAS discoveries to global populations and how high-impact genetics research can be equitably sustained in the future. Materials and Methods: We mined the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog (2005–2022) for the most burdensome non-communicable causes of death worldwide. We then compared (i) the geographic, ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of study populations; (ii) the geographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the regions within which researchers were located and (iii) the extent to which male and female investigators undertook and led the research. Results: The research institutions leading the work are often US-based (37%), while the origin of samples is more diverse, with the Nordic countries having contributed as much data to GWAS as the United States (~17% of data). The majority of first (60%), senior (75%) and all (66%) authors are male; although proportions vary by disease and leadership level, male co-authors are the ubiquitous majority. The vast majority (91%) of complex trait GWAS has been performed in European ancestry populations, with cohorts and scientists predominantly located in medium-to-high socioeconomically ranked countries; apart from East Asians (~5%), other ethnicities rarely feature in published GWAS. See: https://hugofitipaldi.shinyapps.io/gwas_results/ to browse all results. Conclusion: Most GWAS cohorts are of European ancestry residing outside the United States, with a smaller yet meaningful proportion of East Asian ancestry. Papers describing GWAS research are predominantly authored by male scientists based in medium-to-high income countries.