Adaptive Evolution of the OAS Gene Family Provides New Insights into the Antiviral Ability of Laurasiatherian Mammals

SIMPLE SUMMARY: As the dividing line between human and wild mammal habitats becomes smaller, virus invasion due to frequent environmental changes poses a significant risk to many mammals. It is becoming increasingly important to research the antiviral ability of wild mammals. As an antiviral gene family, the OAS gene family plays an important role in resistance to viruses. As an important group of mammals, Laurasiatherian mammals occupy a variety of ecological niches in nature and play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem. Our findings offer insights into the molecular and functional evolution of the antiviral ability of Laurasian mammals by exploring the adaptive evolution of the OAS gene family of Laurasiatherian mammals. ABSTRACT: Many mammals risk damage from virus invasion due to frequent environmental changes. The oligoadenylate synthesis (OAS) gene family, which is an important component of the immune system, provides an essential response to the antiviral activities of interferons by regulating immune signal pathways. However, little is known about the evolutionary characteristics of OASs in Laurasiatherian mammals. Here, we examined the evolution of the OAS genes in 64 mammals to explore the accompanying molecular mechanisms of the antiviral ability of Laurasiatherian mammals living in different environments. We found that OAS2 and OAS3 were found to be pseudogenes in Odontoceti species. This may be related to the fact that they live in water. Some Antilopinae, Caprinae, and Cervidae species lacked the OASL gene, which may be related to their habitats being at higher altitudes. The OASs had a high number of positive selection sites in Cetartiodactyla, which drove the expression of strong antiviral ability. The OAS gene family evolved in Laurasiatherian mammals at different rates and was highly correlated with the species’ antiviral ability. The gene evolution rate in Cetartiodactyla was significantly higher than that in the other orders. Compared to other species of the Carnivora family, the higher selection pressure on the OAS gene and the absence of positive selection sites in Canidae may be responsible for its weak resistance to rabies virus. The OAS gene family was relatively conserved during evolution. Conserved genes are able to provide better maintenance of gene function. The rate of gene evolution and the number of positively selected sites combine to influence the resistance of a species to viruses. The positive selection sites demonstrate the adaptive evolution of the OAS gene family to the environment. Adaptive evolution combined with conserved gene function improves resistance to viruses. Our findings offer insights into the molecular and functional evolution of the antiviral ability of Laurasian mammals.