Potential Utilization of Bacterial Consortium of Symbionts Marine Sponges in Removing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals, Review

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Marine waters are the most susceptible to exposure to contaminants, specifically polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals that are poisonous and carcinogenic. On the other hand, a marine environment can provide various natural materials that can perform biodegradation and biosorption. This research seeks to investigate various species of symbiotic sponge bacteria and assess the feasibility of developing bacterial consortium formulations for the remediation of these hazardous contaminants. Several species of symbiotic sponge bacteria are capable of biodegrading polyaromatic compounds. According to the search and analysis results, several species of symbiotic sponge bacteria have the potential to biodegrade polyaromatic compounds, such as naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene. Other sponge symbiont bacteria or bacteria isolated from the same sponge can also be used for the biosorption of heavy metals. The ability of the symbiotic sponge bacteria to be formulated as a consortium of bacteria for pollutant remediation applications, which we refer to as the metallohydrocarbonoclastic formula, is another feature that sets them apart. The proposed use is a bioremediation approach that the community can implement to the isolation processes, such as the remediation of contaminants in water used for fish farming and shrimp plotting methods, including in ponds, to provide aquaculture products free of toxic pollutants. ABSTRACT: Toxic materials in waste generally contain several components of the global trending pollutant category, especially PAHs and heavy metals. Bioremediation technology for waste management that utilizes microorganisms (bacteria) has not been fully capable of breaking down these toxic materials into simple and environmentally friendly chemical products. This review paper examines the potential application of a consortium of marine sponge symbionts with high performance and efficiency in removing PAHs and heavy metal contaminants. The method was carried out through a review of several related research articles by the author and published by other researchers. The results of the study conclude that the development of global trending pollutant (GTP) bioremediation technology could be carried out to increase the efficiency of remediation. Several types of marine sponge symbiont bacteria, hydrocarbonoclastic (R-1), metalloclastic (R-2), and metallo-hydro-carbonoclastic (R-3), have the potential to be applied to improve waste removal performance. A consortium of crystalline bacterial preparations is required to mobilize into GTP-exposed sites rapidly. Bacterial symbionts of marine sponges can be traced mainly to sea sponges, whose body surface is covered with mucus.