Diverse Response Pattern to Anoxia in Three Freshwater Turtle Species

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Three freshwater turtle species, the three-keeled pond turtle Chinemys reevesii, the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina and the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis, often experience extensive changes in tissue oxygen levels in the field. This study measured total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) level (an index for oxidative damage) and parameters of the antioxidant defense system in the brain, liver and kidney of three turtle species to compare their antioxidant defense patterns to anoxia stress. Our results demonstrated different changing patterns in response to anoxia stress of the three freshwater turtle species. C. reevesii and P. sinensis were highly dependent on vitamin C for oxidative defense, while high activities of structural antioxidant enzymes were found in the tissues of C. serpentina. ABSTRACT: With increasing water eutrophication and global warming, anoxia and hypoxia are becoming more and more common in water environments. Most vertebrates have a limited tolerance to anoxia of only a few minutes, but some species, such as turtles, can survive for months being exposed to anoxia. Antioxidant defense systems may have a potential role in resisting anoxia stress in freshwater turtles. The three-keeled pond turtle Chinemys reevesii, the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina and the soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis are three popular aquaculture species and share similar habitats in China. While C. reevesii and C. serpentina are hard-shelled turtles with poor skin permeability, P. sinensis is soft-shelled turtle whose skin permeability is good. We examined the antioxidant defense responses in different tissues of the three turtle species under acute anoxia stress for 10 h and subsequently recovered for 24 h in order to reveal the response patterns of the antioxidant defense system of the three turtle species that differed in morphological structure and life history strategy. We found that the antioxidant response patterns to acute anoxia stress were tissue- and species-specific. The soft-shelled turtle was more sensitive to anoxia than the hard-shelled turtles. Under anoxia stress, the three species kept the activities of most antioxidant enzymes stable. C. reevesii and P. sinensis were highly dependent on vitamin C in antioxidant defense, while high activities of structural antioxidant enzymes were found in the tissues of C. serpentina. The above diverse patterns may be related with adaptive evolution of morphological structure and physiological functions of the three turtle species.