The Importance of Selected Dysregulated microRNAs in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Childhood B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

SIMPLE SUMMARY: B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is one of the most common hematological malignancies of childhood. The precursors present in the bone marrow give rise to cells that then begin to multiply uncontrollably. Molecules such as microRNA (miRNA) take part in BCP-ALL oncogenesis. They are short, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs with the regulatory potential of gene expression. miRNA has an influence on both pre- and post-translational processes. The stability of form and the presence of miRNA in circulation are useful in the diagnostic and prognostic processes of pediatric leukemias. miRNAs are gaining the interest of scientists due to their biomarker potential and easy determination. ABSTRACT: B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is a frequent type of childhood hematological malignancy. The disease is classified into several subtypes according to genetic abnormalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in pathological processes (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation). A miRNA is a group of short non-coding RNAs with relevant regulatory effects on gene expression achieved by suppression of the translation or degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA). These molecules act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes in the pathogenesis of pediatric leukemias. The characteristic features of miRNAs are their stable form and the possibility of secretion to the circulatory system. The role of miRNA in BCP-ALL pathogenesis is still emerging, but several studies have suggested using miRNA expression profiles as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy in leukemia. The dysregulation of some miRNAs involved in childhood acute lymphoid leukemia, such as miR-155, miR-200c, miR-100, miR-181a, miR125b, and miR146a is discussed, showing their possible employment as therapeutic targets. In the current review, the capabilities of miRNAs in non-invasive diagnostics and their prognostic potential as biomarkers are presented.