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Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective
Background: Risk factors for developing long COVID are not clearly established. The present study was designed to determine if any sign, symptom, or treatment of the acute phase, or personal characteristics of the patient, is associated with the development of long COVID. Methods: A cohort study was...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9858709/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36673565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020197 |
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author | Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Mendoza-Hernandez, Martha A. Guzman-Solorzano, Hannah P. Sarmiento-Hernandez, Karla A. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Iram P. Martinez-Fierro, Margarita L. Paz-Michel, Brenda A. Murillo-Zamora, Efren Rojas-Larios, Fabian Lugo-Trampe, Angel Plata-Florenzano, Jorge E. Delgado-Machuca, Marina Delgado-Enciso, Ivan |
author_facet | Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Mendoza-Hernandez, Martha A. Guzman-Solorzano, Hannah P. Sarmiento-Hernandez, Karla A. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Iram P. Martinez-Fierro, Margarita L. Paz-Michel, Brenda A. Murillo-Zamora, Efren Rojas-Larios, Fabian Lugo-Trampe, Angel Plata-Florenzano, Jorge E. Delgado-Machuca, Marina Delgado-Enciso, Ivan |
author_sort | Guzman-Esquivel, Jose |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Risk factors for developing long COVID are not clearly established. The present study was designed to determine if any sign, symptom, or treatment of the acute phase, or personal characteristics of the patient, is associated with the development of long COVID. Methods: A cohort study was carried out, randomly selecting symptomatic COVID-19 patients and not vaccinated. The severity of the acute illness was assessed through the number of compatible COVID-19 symptoms, hospitalizations, and the symptom severity score using a 10-point visual analog scale. Results: After multivariate analysis, a severity score ≥8 (RR 2.0, 95%CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.022), hospitalization (RR 2.1, 95%CI 1.0–4.4, p = 0.039), myalgia (RR 1.9, 95%CI 1.08–3.6, p = 0.027), tachycardia (RR 10.4, 95%CI 2.2–47.7, p = 0.003), and use of antibiotics (RR 2.0, 95%CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.022), was positively associated with the risk of having long COVID. Higher levels of education (RR 0.6, 95%CI 0.4–0.9, p = 0.029) and type positive B blood group (B + AB, RR 0.44, 95%CI 0.2–0.9, p = 0.044) were protective factors. The most important population attributable fractions (PAFs) for long COVID were myalgia (37%), severity score ≥8 (31%), and use of antibiotics (27%). Conclusions: Further studies in diverse populations over time are needed to expand the knowledge that could lead us to prevent and/or treat long COVID. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9858709 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98587092023-01-21 Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Mendoza-Hernandez, Martha A. Guzman-Solorzano, Hannah P. Sarmiento-Hernandez, Karla A. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Iram P. Martinez-Fierro, Margarita L. Paz-Michel, Brenda A. Murillo-Zamora, Efren Rojas-Larios, Fabian Lugo-Trampe, Angel Plata-Florenzano, Jorge E. Delgado-Machuca, Marina Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Healthcare (Basel) Article Background: Risk factors for developing long COVID are not clearly established. The present study was designed to determine if any sign, symptom, or treatment of the acute phase, or personal characteristics of the patient, is associated with the development of long COVID. Methods: A cohort study was carried out, randomly selecting symptomatic COVID-19 patients and not vaccinated. The severity of the acute illness was assessed through the number of compatible COVID-19 symptoms, hospitalizations, and the symptom severity score using a 10-point visual analog scale. Results: After multivariate analysis, a severity score ≥8 (RR 2.0, 95%CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.022), hospitalization (RR 2.1, 95%CI 1.0–4.4, p = 0.039), myalgia (RR 1.9, 95%CI 1.08–3.6, p = 0.027), tachycardia (RR 10.4, 95%CI 2.2–47.7, p = 0.003), and use of antibiotics (RR 2.0, 95%CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.022), was positively associated with the risk of having long COVID. Higher levels of education (RR 0.6, 95%CI 0.4–0.9, p = 0.029) and type positive B blood group (B + AB, RR 0.44, 95%CI 0.2–0.9, p = 0.044) were protective factors. The most important population attributable fractions (PAFs) for long COVID were myalgia (37%), severity score ≥8 (31%), and use of antibiotics (27%). Conclusions: Further studies in diverse populations over time are needed to expand the knowledge that could lead us to prevent and/or treat long COVID. MDPI 2023-01-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9858709/ /pubmed/36673565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020197 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Mendoza-Hernandez, Martha A. Guzman-Solorzano, Hannah P. Sarmiento-Hernandez, Karla A. Rodriguez-Sanchez, Iram P. Martinez-Fierro, Margarita L. Paz-Michel, Brenda A. Murillo-Zamora, Efren Rojas-Larios, Fabian Lugo-Trampe, Angel Plata-Florenzano, Jorge E. Delgado-Machuca, Marina Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title | Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title_full | Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title_fullStr | Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title_full_unstemmed | Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title_short | Clinical Characteristics in the Acute Phase of COVID-19 That Predict Long COVID: Tachycardia, Myalgias, Severity, and Use of Antibiotics as Main Risk Factors, While Education and Blood Group B Are Protective |
title_sort | clinical characteristics in the acute phase of covid-19 that predict long covid: tachycardia, myalgias, severity, and use of antibiotics as main risk factors, while education and blood group b are protective |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9858709/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36673565 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020197 |
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