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HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral infectious disease caused by the positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Retroviridae family, Ortervirales order). HIV-1 can be distinguished into various worldwide spread groups and subtypes. HIV-2 also c...

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Autores principales: Nastri, Bianca Maria, Pagliano, Pasquale, Zannella, Carla, Folliero, Veronica, Masullo, Alfonso, Rinaldi, Luca, Galdiero, Massimiliano, Franci, Gianluigi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9861097/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36677513
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010221
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author Nastri, Bianca Maria
Pagliano, Pasquale
Zannella, Carla
Folliero, Veronica
Masullo, Alfonso
Rinaldi, Luca
Galdiero, Massimiliano
Franci, Gianluigi
author_facet Nastri, Bianca Maria
Pagliano, Pasquale
Zannella, Carla
Folliero, Veronica
Masullo, Alfonso
Rinaldi, Luca
Galdiero, Massimiliano
Franci, Gianluigi
author_sort Nastri, Bianca Maria
collection PubMed
description Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral infectious disease caused by the positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Retroviridae family, Ortervirales order). HIV-1 can be distinguished into various worldwide spread groups and subtypes. HIV-2 also causes human immunodeficiency, which develops slowly and tends to be less aggressive. HIV-2 only partially homologates to HIV-1 despite the similar derivation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the treatment approved to control HIV infection, based on multiple antiretroviral drugs that belong to different classes: (i) NNRTIs, (ii) NRTIs, (iii) PIs, (iv) INSTIs, and (v) entry inhibitors. These drugs, acting on different stages of the HIV life cycle, decrease the patient’s total burden of HIV, maintain the function of the immune system, and prevent opportunistic infections. The appearance of several strains resistant to these drugs, however, represents a problem today that needs to be addressed as best as we can. New outbreaks of strains show a widespread geographic distribution and a highly variable mortality rate, even affecting treated patients significantly. Therefore, novel treatment approaches should be explored. The present review discusses updated information on HIV-1– and HIV-2–resistant strains, including details on different mutations responsible for drug resistance.
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spelling pubmed-98610972023-01-22 HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes Nastri, Bianca Maria Pagliano, Pasquale Zannella, Carla Folliero, Veronica Masullo, Alfonso Rinaldi, Luca Galdiero, Massimiliano Franci, Gianluigi Microorganisms Review Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a human viral infectious disease caused by the positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (Retroviridae family, Ortervirales order). HIV-1 can be distinguished into various worldwide spread groups and subtypes. HIV-2 also causes human immunodeficiency, which develops slowly and tends to be less aggressive. HIV-2 only partially homologates to HIV-1 despite the similar derivation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the treatment approved to control HIV infection, based on multiple antiretroviral drugs that belong to different classes: (i) NNRTIs, (ii) NRTIs, (iii) PIs, (iv) INSTIs, and (v) entry inhibitors. These drugs, acting on different stages of the HIV life cycle, decrease the patient’s total burden of HIV, maintain the function of the immune system, and prevent opportunistic infections. The appearance of several strains resistant to these drugs, however, represents a problem today that needs to be addressed as best as we can. New outbreaks of strains show a widespread geographic distribution and a highly variable mortality rate, even affecting treated patients significantly. Therefore, novel treatment approaches should be explored. The present review discusses updated information on HIV-1– and HIV-2–resistant strains, including details on different mutations responsible for drug resistance. MDPI 2023-01-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9861097/ /pubmed/36677513 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010221 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Nastri, Bianca Maria
Pagliano, Pasquale
Zannella, Carla
Folliero, Veronica
Masullo, Alfonso
Rinaldi, Luca
Galdiero, Massimiliano
Franci, Gianluigi
HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title_full HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title_fullStr HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title_full_unstemmed HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title_short HIV and Drug-Resistant Subtypes
title_sort hiv and drug-resistant subtypes
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9861097/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36677513
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010221
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