Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles: Characterization, Bioeffects, and Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Unicellular and Enzymatic Systems

The current study evaluates the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bioeffects of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), such as bare (Fe(3)O(4)), humic acids (Fe(3)O(4)-HA), and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Fe(3)O(4)-APTES) modified MNPs. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to identify the local surrounding for Fe atom/ions and the depth of modification for MNPs. It was found that the Fe(3)O(4)-HA MNPs contain the smallest, whereas the Fe(3)O(4)-APTES MNPs contain the largest amount of Fe(2+) ions. Bioluminescent cellular and enzymatic assays were applied to monitor the toxicity and anti-(pro-)oxidant activity of MNPs. The contents of ROS were determined by a chemiluminescence luminol assay evaluating the correlations with toxicity/anti-(pro-)oxidant coefficients. Toxic effects of modified MNPs were found at higher concentrations (>10(−2) g/L); they were related to ROS storage in bacterial suspensions. MNPs stimulated ROS production by the bacteria in a wide concentration range (10(−15)–1 g/L). Under the conditions of model oxidative stress and higher concentrations of MNPs (>10(−4) g/L), the bacterial bioassay revealed prooxidant activity of all three MNP types, with corresponding decay of ROS content. Bioluminescence enzymatic assay did not show any sensitivity to MNPs, with negligible change in ROS content. The results clearly indicate that cell-membrane processes are responsible for the bioeffects and bacterial ROS generation, confirming the ferroptosis phenomenon based on iron-initiated cell-membrane lipid peroxidation.