Cargando…
Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts
As the diet, hormones, amenorrhea, and bone mineral density (BMD) of physique athletes (PA) and gym enthusiasts (GE) are little-explored, we studied those in 69 females (50 PA, 19 GE) and 20 males (11 PA, 9 GE). Energy availability (EA, kcal·kgFFM(−1)·d(−1) in DXA) in female and male PA was ~41.3 an...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9862069/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36678253 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020382 |
_version_ | 1784875001147555840 |
---|---|
author | Mursu, Jaakko Ristimäki, Maija Malinen, Inga Petäjä, Pirita Isola, Ville Ahtiainen, Juha P. Hulmi, Juha J. |
author_facet | Mursu, Jaakko Ristimäki, Maija Malinen, Inga Petäjä, Pirita Isola, Ville Ahtiainen, Juha P. Hulmi, Juha J. |
author_sort | Mursu, Jaakko |
collection | PubMed |
description | As the diet, hormones, amenorrhea, and bone mineral density (BMD) of physique athletes (PA) and gym enthusiasts (GE) are little-explored, we studied those in 69 females (50 PA, 19 GE) and 20 males (11 PA, 9 GE). Energy availability (EA, kcal·kgFFM(−1)·d(−1) in DXA) in female and male PA was ~41.3 and ~37.2, and in GE ~39.4 and ~35.3, respectively. Low EA (LEA) was found in 10% and 26% of female PA and GE, respectively, and in 11% of male GE. In PA, daily protein intake (g/kg body mass) was ~2.9–3.0, whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes were ~3.6–4.3 and ~0.8–1.0, respectively. PA had higher protein and carbohydrate and lower fat intakes than GE (p < 0.05). Estradiol, testosterone, IGF-1, insulin, leptin, TSH, T4, T3, cortisol, or BMD did not differ between PA and GE. Serum IGF-1 and leptin were explained 6% and 7%, respectively, by EA. In non-users of hormonal contraceptives, amenorrhea was found only in PA (27%) and was associated with lower fat percentage, but not EA, BMD, or hormones. In conclusion, off-season dietary intakes, hormone levels, and BMD meet the recommendations in most of the PA and GE. Maintaining too-low body fat during the off-season may predispose to menstrual disturbances. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9862069 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98620692023-01-22 Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts Mursu, Jaakko Ristimäki, Maija Malinen, Inga Petäjä, Pirita Isola, Ville Ahtiainen, Juha P. Hulmi, Juha J. Nutrients Article As the diet, hormones, amenorrhea, and bone mineral density (BMD) of physique athletes (PA) and gym enthusiasts (GE) are little-explored, we studied those in 69 females (50 PA, 19 GE) and 20 males (11 PA, 9 GE). Energy availability (EA, kcal·kgFFM(−1)·d(−1) in DXA) in female and male PA was ~41.3 and ~37.2, and in GE ~39.4 and ~35.3, respectively. Low EA (LEA) was found in 10% and 26% of female PA and GE, respectively, and in 11% of male GE. In PA, daily protein intake (g/kg body mass) was ~2.9–3.0, whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes were ~3.6–4.3 and ~0.8–1.0, respectively. PA had higher protein and carbohydrate and lower fat intakes than GE (p < 0.05). Estradiol, testosterone, IGF-1, insulin, leptin, TSH, T4, T3, cortisol, or BMD did not differ between PA and GE. Serum IGF-1 and leptin were explained 6% and 7%, respectively, by EA. In non-users of hormonal contraceptives, amenorrhea was found only in PA (27%) and was associated with lower fat percentage, but not EA, BMD, or hormones. In conclusion, off-season dietary intakes, hormone levels, and BMD meet the recommendations in most of the PA and GE. Maintaining too-low body fat during the off-season may predispose to menstrual disturbances. MDPI 2023-01-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9862069/ /pubmed/36678253 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020382 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Mursu, Jaakko Ristimäki, Maija Malinen, Inga Petäjä, Pirita Isola, Ville Ahtiainen, Juha P. Hulmi, Juha J. Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title | Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title_full | Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title_fullStr | Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title_short | Dietary Intake, Serum Hormone Concentrations, Amenorrhea and Bone Mineral Density of Physique Athletes and Active Gym Enthusiasts |
title_sort | dietary intake, serum hormone concentrations, amenorrhea and bone mineral density of physique athletes and active gym enthusiasts |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9862069/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36678253 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020382 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT mursujaakko dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT ristimakimaija dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT malineninga dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT petajapirita dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT isolaville dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT ahtiainenjuhap dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts AT hulmijuhaj dietaryintakeserumhormoneconcentrationsamenorrheaandbonemineraldensityofphysiqueathletesandactivegymenthusiasts |