Self-Assembled Synthesis of Porous Iron-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Nitrogen Fixation

In this study, Fe-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Fe-MCNC) with varying Fe contents was synthesized via a supramolecular approach, followed by thermal exfoliation, and was then used for accelerated photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation. Various techniques were used to study the physicochemical properties of the MCN (g-C(3)N(4) from melamine) and Fe-MCNC (MCN for g-C(3)N(4) and C for cyanuric acid) catalysts. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images clearly demonstrate that the morphology of Fe-MCNC changes from planar sheets to porous, partially twisted (partially developed nanotube and nanorod) nanostructures. The elemental mapping study confirms the uniform distribution of Fe on the MCNC surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) results suggest that the Fe species might exist in the Fe(3+) state and form Fe-N bonds with N atoms, thereby extending the visible light absorption areas and decreasing the band gap of MCN. Furthermore, doping with precise amounts of Fe might induce exfoliation and increase the specific surface area, but excessive Fe could destroy the MCN structure. The optimized Fe-MCNC nanostructure had a specific surface area of 23.6 m(2) g(−1), which was 8.1 times greater than that of MCN (2.89 m(2) g(−1)). To study its photocatalytic properties, the nanostructure was tested for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation; 2Fe-MCNC shows the highest photocatalytic activity, which is approximately 13.3 times and 2.4 times better, respectively, than MCN-1H. Due to its high efficiency and stability, the Fe-MCNC nanostructure is a promising and ideal photocatalyst for a wide range of applications.