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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is the devastating trauma associated with functional deterioration due to apoptosis. Most laboratory SCI models are generated by a direct impact on an animal’s spinal cord; however, our model does not involve the direct impact on the spinal cord. Instead, we use a clamp co...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9862494/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021307 |
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author | Soni, Kiran Kumar Hwang, Jinsu Ramalingam, Mahesh Kim, Choonghyo Kim, Byeong C. Jeong, Han-Seong Jang, Sujeong |
author_facet | Soni, Kiran Kumar Hwang, Jinsu Ramalingam, Mahesh Kim, Choonghyo Kim, Byeong C. Jeong, Han-Seong Jang, Sujeong |
author_sort | Soni, Kiran Kumar |
collection | PubMed |
description | A spinal cord injury (SCI) is the devastating trauma associated with functional deterioration due to apoptosis. Most laboratory SCI models are generated by a direct impact on an animal’s spinal cord; however, our model does not involve the direct impact on the spinal cord. Instead, we use a clamp compression to create an ischemia in the descending aortas of mice. Following the success of inducing an ischemic SCI (ISCI), we hypothesized that this model may show apoptosis via an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. This apoptosis by the ER stress pathway is enhanced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The ER is used for the protein folding in the cell. When the protein folding capacity is overloaded, the condition is termed the ER stress and is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins inside the ER lumen. The unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways that deal with the ER stress response then become activated. This UPR activates the three signal pathways that are regulated by the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK). IRE1α and PERK are associated with the expression of the apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis caused by an ISCI is assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test. An ISCI also reduces synaptophysin and the neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in the spinal cord. In conclusion, an ISCI increases the ER stress proteins, resulting in apoptosis in neuronal cells in the spinal cord. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9862494 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98624942023-01-22 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury Soni, Kiran Kumar Hwang, Jinsu Ramalingam, Mahesh Kim, Choonghyo Kim, Byeong C. Jeong, Han-Seong Jang, Sujeong Int J Mol Sci Article A spinal cord injury (SCI) is the devastating trauma associated with functional deterioration due to apoptosis. Most laboratory SCI models are generated by a direct impact on an animal’s spinal cord; however, our model does not involve the direct impact on the spinal cord. Instead, we use a clamp compression to create an ischemia in the descending aortas of mice. Following the success of inducing an ischemic SCI (ISCI), we hypothesized that this model may show apoptosis via an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. This apoptosis by the ER stress pathway is enhanced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The ER is used for the protein folding in the cell. When the protein folding capacity is overloaded, the condition is termed the ER stress and is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins inside the ER lumen. The unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways that deal with the ER stress response then become activated. This UPR activates the three signal pathways that are regulated by the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK). IRE1α and PERK are associated with the expression of the apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis caused by an ISCI is assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) test. An ISCI also reduces synaptophysin and the neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in the spinal cord. In conclusion, an ISCI increases the ER stress proteins, resulting in apoptosis in neuronal cells in the spinal cord. MDPI 2023-01-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9862494/ /pubmed/36674822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021307 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Soni, Kiran Kumar Hwang, Jinsu Ramalingam, Mahesh Kim, Choonghyo Kim, Byeong C. Jeong, Han-Seong Jang, Sujeong Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title_fullStr | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title_short | Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Causing Apoptosis in a Mouse Model of an Ischemic Spinal Cord Injury |
title_sort | endoplasmic reticulum stress causing apoptosis in a mouse model of an ischemic spinal cord injury |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9862494/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021307 |
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