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Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9863423/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36680215 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010175 |
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author | Zsichla, Levente Müller, Viktor |
author_facet | Zsichla, Levente Müller, Viktor |
author_sort | Zsichla, Levente |
collection | PubMed |
description | The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9863423 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98634232023-01-22 Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors Zsichla, Levente Müller, Viktor Viruses Review The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors. MDPI 2023-01-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9863423/ /pubmed/36680215 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010175 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zsichla, Levente Müller, Viktor Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title | Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title_full | Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title_fullStr | Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title_short | Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors |
title_sort | risk factors of severe covid-19: a review of host, viral and environmental factors |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9863423/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36680215 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010175 |
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