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Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell

The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findi...

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Autores principales: Di-Iacovo, Nicola, Pieroni, Stefania, Piobbico, Danilo, Castelli, Marilena, Scopetti, Damiano, Ferracchiato, Simona, Della-Fazia, Maria Agnese, Servillo, Giuseppe
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864482/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674692
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021176
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author Di-Iacovo, Nicola
Pieroni, Stefania
Piobbico, Danilo
Castelli, Marilena
Scopetti, Damiano
Ferracchiato, Simona
Della-Fazia, Maria Agnese
Servillo, Giuseppe
author_facet Di-Iacovo, Nicola
Pieroni, Stefania
Piobbico, Danilo
Castelli, Marilena
Scopetti, Damiano
Ferracchiato, Simona
Della-Fazia, Maria Agnese
Servillo, Giuseppe
author_sort Di-Iacovo, Nicola
collection PubMed
description The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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spelling pubmed-98644822023-01-22 Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell Di-Iacovo, Nicola Pieroni, Stefania Piobbico, Danilo Castelli, Marilena Scopetti, Damiano Ferracchiato, Simona Della-Fazia, Maria Agnese Servillo, Giuseppe Int J Mol Sci Review The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation. MDPI 2023-01-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9864482/ /pubmed/36674692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021176 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Di-Iacovo, Nicola
Pieroni, Stefania
Piobbico, Danilo
Castelli, Marilena
Scopetti, Damiano
Ferracchiato, Simona
Della-Fazia, Maria Agnese
Servillo, Giuseppe
Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title_full Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title_fullStr Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title_full_unstemmed Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title_short Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell
title_sort liver regeneration and immunity: a tale to tell
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864482/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36674692
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021176
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