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Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864854/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36668837 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017 |
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author | Gremski, Luiza Helena da Justa, Hanna Câmara Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires Theodoro, João Lucas Wille, Ana Carolina Martins Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea Veiga, Silvio Sanches |
author_facet | Gremski, Luiza Helena da Justa, Hanna Câmara Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires Theodoro, João Lucas Wille, Ana Carolina Martins Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea Veiga, Silvio Sanches |
author_sort | Gremski, Luiza Helena |
collection | PubMed |
description | Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9864854 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98648542023-01-22 Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation Gremski, Luiza Helena da Justa, Hanna Câmara Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires Theodoro, João Lucas Wille, Ana Carolina Martins Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea Veiga, Silvio Sanches Toxins (Basel) Review Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism. MDPI 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9864854/ /pubmed/36668837 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gremski, Luiza Helena da Justa, Hanna Câmara Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires Theodoro, João Lucas Wille, Ana Carolina Martins Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea Veiga, Silvio Sanches Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title | Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title_full | Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title_fullStr | Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title_full_unstemmed | Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title_short | Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation |
title_sort | systemic loxoscelism, less frequent but more deadly: the involvement of phospholipases d in the pathophysiology of envenomation |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864854/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36668837 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017 |
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