Cargando…

Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation

Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming a...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Gremski, Luiza Helena, da Justa, Hanna Câmara, Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta, Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires, Theodoro, João Lucas, Wille, Ana Carolina Martins, Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea, Veiga, Silvio Sanches
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864854/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36668837
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017
_version_ 1784875688241659904
author Gremski, Luiza Helena
da Justa, Hanna Câmara
Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta
Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires
Theodoro, João Lucas
Wille, Ana Carolina Martins
Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Veiga, Silvio Sanches
author_facet Gremski, Luiza Helena
da Justa, Hanna Câmara
Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta
Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires
Theodoro, João Lucas
Wille, Ana Carolina Martins
Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Veiga, Silvio Sanches
author_sort Gremski, Luiza Helena
collection PubMed
description Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9864854
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-98648542023-01-22 Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation Gremski, Luiza Helena da Justa, Hanna Câmara Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires Theodoro, João Lucas Wille, Ana Carolina Martins Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea Veiga, Silvio Sanches Toxins (Basel) Review Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism. MDPI 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9864854/ /pubmed/36668837 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Gremski, Luiza Helena
da Justa, Hanna Câmara
Polli, Nayanne Louise Costacurta
Schluga, Pedro Henrique de Caires
Theodoro, João Lucas
Wille, Ana Carolina Martins
Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Veiga, Silvio Sanches
Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title_full Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title_fullStr Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title_full_unstemmed Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title_short Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation
title_sort systemic loxoscelism, less frequent but more deadly: the involvement of phospholipases d in the pathophysiology of envenomation
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864854/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36668837
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010017
work_keys_str_mv AT gremskiluizahelena systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT dajustahannacamara systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT pollinayannelouisecostacurta systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT schlugapedrohenriquedecaires systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT theodorojoaolucas systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT willeanacarolinamartins systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT senffribeiroandrea systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation
AT veigasilviosanches systemicloxoscelismlessfrequentbutmoredeadlytheinvolvementofphospholipasesdinthepathophysiologyofenvenomation