Mitigation of Marine Dinoflagellates Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H(2)O(2)) Increases Toxicity towards Epithelial Gill Cells

Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) has been shown to efficiently remove toxic microalgae from enclosed ballast waters and brackish lakes. In this study, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the side effects of mitigating toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates with H(2)O(2). Five H(2)O(2) concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) were used to control the cell abundances of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella and Karenia selliformis and the non-toxic dinoflagellates Lepidodinium chlorophorum and Prorocentrum micans. Photosynthetic efficiency and staining dye measurements showed the high efficiency of H(2)O(2) for mitigating all dinoflagellate species at only 50 ppm. In a bioassay carried out to test cytotoxicity using the cell line RTgill-W1, control experiments (only H(2)O(2)) showed cytotoxicity in a concentration- and time- (0 to 24 h) dependent manner. The toxic dinoflagellates, especially K. selliformis, showed basal cytotoxicity that increased with the application of hydrogen peroxide. Unexpectedly, the application of a low H(2)O(2) concentration increased toxicity, even when mitigating non-toxic dinoflagellates. This study suggests that the fatty acid composition of toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellate species can yield toxic aldehyde cocktails after lipoperoxidation with H(2)O(2) that can persist in water for days with different half-lives. Further studies are needed to understand the role of lipoperoxidation products as acute mediators of disease and death in aquatic environments.