Cargando…
The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study
BACKGROUND: Interpretation of patellar ligament (PL) ultrasonography may be difficult, as hypoechoic or heterogenous echogenicity are common findings. Verifying suspected disease of equine PLs by histopathology is also problematic as descriptions of normal PL vascularity and histology are scarce. Th...
Autores principales: | , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9869593/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36691004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03579-3 |
_version_ | 1784876800863633408 |
---|---|
author | Fjordbakk, Cathrine Taule Marques-Smith, Patrick |
author_facet | Fjordbakk, Cathrine Taule Marques-Smith, Patrick |
author_sort | Fjordbakk, Cathrine Taule |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Interpretation of patellar ligament (PL) ultrasonography may be difficult, as hypoechoic or heterogenous echogenicity are common findings. Verifying suspected disease of equine PLs by histopathology is also problematic as descriptions of normal PL vascularity and histology are scarce. The current study describes the PL and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) vascular pattern from computed tomography scans of barium perfused normal equine specimens (n = 8; age 10 days to 18 years), as well as routine histology to serve as a reference for future investigations into PL pathology and IFP disease. RESULTS: The PLs received a bipolar blood supply. Vascular architecture consisted of numerous distinct longitudinal vessels with several horizontal connections, which branched into extensive latticeworks of smaller vessels throughout the ligaments. Several vascular connections between the PLs and the IFP were identified. One distinct longitudinal vessel was seen entering each of the IFP lobes at the distocranial aspect, branching extensively into lobar vascular networks which anastomosed by several horizontal branches at the mid portion of the IFP where the two lobes merge. Histologically, there were large variations in PL interfascicular endotenon thickness, vascularity and fatty infiltration; these parameters increased with age for the intermediate and medial PL. Areas of metaplastic tenocytes / chondroid metaplasia were identified in all investigated adult medial PLs; in 2/7 in the intermediate PL and in 4/7 in the lateral PL. The adult IFP consisted of white unilocular adipose tissue, organized in lobules separated by thin connective tissue septa increasing in thickness towards the periphery and the distocentral aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The equine PLs and IFP are highly vascularized structures with ample vascular connections suggestive of crosstalk. This, together with the large variation in PL endotenon thickness, vascularity and fatty infiltration, should be taken into consideration when assessing potential PL histopathology as these changes increase with age and are found in horses without clinical signs of stifle disease. Metaplastic tenocytes / chondroid metaplasia should be considered a normal finding throughout the medial PL and is not age dependent. The role of the equine IFP in stifle disease has yet to be elucidated. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-023-03579-3. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9869593 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98695932023-01-24 The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study Fjordbakk, Cathrine Taule Marques-Smith, Patrick BMC Vet Res Research BACKGROUND: Interpretation of patellar ligament (PL) ultrasonography may be difficult, as hypoechoic or heterogenous echogenicity are common findings. Verifying suspected disease of equine PLs by histopathology is also problematic as descriptions of normal PL vascularity and histology are scarce. The current study describes the PL and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) vascular pattern from computed tomography scans of barium perfused normal equine specimens (n = 8; age 10 days to 18 years), as well as routine histology to serve as a reference for future investigations into PL pathology and IFP disease. RESULTS: The PLs received a bipolar blood supply. Vascular architecture consisted of numerous distinct longitudinal vessels with several horizontal connections, which branched into extensive latticeworks of smaller vessels throughout the ligaments. Several vascular connections between the PLs and the IFP were identified. One distinct longitudinal vessel was seen entering each of the IFP lobes at the distocranial aspect, branching extensively into lobar vascular networks which anastomosed by several horizontal branches at the mid portion of the IFP where the two lobes merge. Histologically, there were large variations in PL interfascicular endotenon thickness, vascularity and fatty infiltration; these parameters increased with age for the intermediate and medial PL. Areas of metaplastic tenocytes / chondroid metaplasia were identified in all investigated adult medial PLs; in 2/7 in the intermediate PL and in 4/7 in the lateral PL. The adult IFP consisted of white unilocular adipose tissue, organized in lobules separated by thin connective tissue septa increasing in thickness towards the periphery and the distocentral aspect. CONCLUSIONS: The equine PLs and IFP are highly vascularized structures with ample vascular connections suggestive of crosstalk. This, together with the large variation in PL endotenon thickness, vascularity and fatty infiltration, should be taken into consideration when assessing potential PL histopathology as these changes increase with age and are found in horses without clinical signs of stifle disease. Metaplastic tenocytes / chondroid metaplasia should be considered a normal finding throughout the medial PL and is not age dependent. The role of the equine IFP in stifle disease has yet to be elucidated. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-023-03579-3. BioMed Central 2023-01-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9869593/ /pubmed/36691004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03579-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Fjordbakk, Cathrine Taule Marques-Smith, Patrick The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title | The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title_full | The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title_fullStr | The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title_full_unstemmed | The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title_short | The equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
title_sort | equine patellar ligaments and the infrapatellar fat pad – a microanatomical study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9869593/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36691004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03579-3 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT fjordbakkcathrinetaule theequinepatellarligamentsandtheinfrapatellarfatpadamicroanatomicalstudy AT marquessmithpatrick theequinepatellarligamentsandtheinfrapatellarfatpadamicroanatomicalstudy AT fjordbakkcathrinetaule equinepatellarligamentsandtheinfrapatellarfatpadamicroanatomicalstudy AT marquessmithpatrick equinepatellarligamentsandtheinfrapatellarfatpadamicroanatomicalstudy |