Long-term stability of over-the-counter cuffless blood pressure monitors: a proposal

Blood pressure is an important cardiovascular parameter. Currently, the cuff-based sphygmomanometer is a popular, reliable, measurement method, but blood pressure monitors without cuffs have become popular and are now available without a prescription. Blood pressure monitors must be approved by regulatory authorities. Current cuffless blood pressure (CL-BP) monitors are not suitable for at-home management and prevention of hypertension. This paper proposes simple criteria for over-the-counter CL-BP monitoring. First, the history of the sphygmomanometer and current standard blood pressure protocol are reviewed. The main components of CL-BP monitoring are accuracy during the resting condition, accuracy during dynamic blood pressure changes, and long-term stability. In this proposal we recommend intermittent measurement to ensure that active measurement accuracy mirrors resting condition accuracy. A new experimental protocol is proposed to maintain long-term stability. A medically approved automated sphygmomanometer was used as the standard device in this study. The long-term accuracy of the test device is based on the definition of propagation error, i.e., for an oscillometric automated sphygmomanometer (5 ± 8 mmHg) ± the error for the test device static accuracy (–0.12 ± 5.49 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and − 1.17 ± 5.06 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure). Thus, the long-term stabilities were − 3.38 ± 7.1 mmHg and − 1.38 ± 5.4 mmHg, which satisfied propagation error. Further research and discussion are necessary to create standards for use by manufacturers; such standards should be readily evaluated and ensure high-quality evidence. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12553-023-00726-6.