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Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
A new approach for estimating the household water consumption pattern was developed by taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using geographical data. Water consumption data for two years before and a year after the outbreak of the pandemic were analyzed to recognize the consumption pattern on a...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9870780/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36712838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04761-8 |
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author | Sabzchi-Dehkharghani, H. Majnooni-Heris, A. Fakherifard, A. Yegani, R. |
author_facet | Sabzchi-Dehkharghani, H. Majnooni-Heris, A. Fakherifard, A. Yegani, R. |
author_sort | Sabzchi-Dehkharghani, H. |
collection | PubMed |
description | A new approach for estimating the household water consumption pattern was developed by taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using geographical data. Water consumption data for two years before and a year after the outbreak of the pandemic were analyzed to recognize the consumption pattern on annual and bi-monthly time scales as well as in different spatial classes. Following the recognition of the pattern, the spatiotemporal distribution of household water consumption was estimated based on the discovered connections between consumption and geographical variables. Once a regression relationship between consumption and population density was observed, an idea was developed to investigate the linear equations and their coefficient of parameters in water consumption groups from very low to very high classes using the training data. The coefficients were then adjusted to account for the pandemic's impact on the consumption pattern. Results showed that the highest increases in consumption were 11% for May–July due to the impact of the pandemic while the impact was from decreasing type during lockdowns. A pandemic-induced decline in the mean of consumption was linked to temporary migration by high-income families, whereas the water consumption of others faced an increase. The impact has also increased the slope of the linear relationship between the annual water consumption and population density increased by 3.5%. The proposed model estimated the annual water consumption with the accuracy of %3.77, %1.82, and %1.85 for two years before, one year before and one year after the pandemic, respectively. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9870780 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98707802023-01-25 Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Sabzchi-Dehkharghani, H. Majnooni-Heris, A. Fakherifard, A. Yegani, R. Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran) Original Paper A new approach for estimating the household water consumption pattern was developed by taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using geographical data. Water consumption data for two years before and a year after the outbreak of the pandemic were analyzed to recognize the consumption pattern on annual and bi-monthly time scales as well as in different spatial classes. Following the recognition of the pattern, the spatiotemporal distribution of household water consumption was estimated based on the discovered connections between consumption and geographical variables. Once a regression relationship between consumption and population density was observed, an idea was developed to investigate the linear equations and their coefficient of parameters in water consumption groups from very low to very high classes using the training data. The coefficients were then adjusted to account for the pandemic's impact on the consumption pattern. Results showed that the highest increases in consumption were 11% for May–July due to the impact of the pandemic while the impact was from decreasing type during lockdowns. A pandemic-induced decline in the mean of consumption was linked to temporary migration by high-income families, whereas the water consumption of others faced an increase. The impact has also increased the slope of the linear relationship between the annual water consumption and population density increased by 3.5%. The proposed model estimated the annual water consumption with the accuracy of %3.77, %1.82, and %1.85 for two years before, one year before and one year after the pandemic, respectively. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2023-01-24 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC9870780/ /pubmed/36712838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04761-8 Text en © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Iranian Society of Environmentalists (IRSEN) and Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Original Paper Sabzchi-Dehkharghani, H. Majnooni-Heris, A. Fakherifard, A. Yegani, R. Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title | Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_full | Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_fullStr | Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_short | Estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_sort | estimation of household water consumption pattern in a metropolitan area taking the impact of the covid-19 pandemic |
topic | Original Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9870780/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36712838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04761-8 |
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