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High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways
Halogenated flame retardants comprising bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), have been studied their adverse effects on human health. However, despite the fact that these halogenated BPAs are easily degraded in the environment, the risks to living organisms due to th...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871217/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36704289 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13003 |
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author | Suyama, Keitaro Kesamaru, Hitoshi Okubo, Takashi Kasatani, Kazumi Tomohara, Keisuke Matsushima, Ayami Nose, Takeru |
author_facet | Suyama, Keitaro Kesamaru, Hitoshi Okubo, Takashi Kasatani, Kazumi Tomohara, Keisuke Matsushima, Ayami Nose, Takeru |
author_sort | Suyama, Keitaro |
collection | PubMed |
description | Halogenated flame retardants comprising bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), have been studied their adverse effects on human health. However, despite the fact that these halogenated BPAs are easily degraded in the environment, the risks to living organisms due to these degraded products have mostly been overlooked. To evaluate the potential toxicity of degraded TBBPAs and related compounds, we examined the cytotoxicity of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives possessing one to four halogen atoms in vitro. The results indicated that the degraded TBBPA derivatives exhibited strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells than TBBPA. Interestingly, the di-halogenated BPA derivatives possessing two halogen atoms exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity among tested compounds. In addition, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, fluorescence spectroscopy and flow cytometry results indicated that dibromo-BPA and diiodo-BPA induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death by damaging the cell membranes of HeLa cells. Moreover, Escherichia coli growth was inhibited in the presence of dehalogenated TBBPA and related compounds. These findings suggest that halogenated BPA derivatives that leak from various flame-retardant-containing products require strict monitoring, as not only TBBPA but also its degraded products in environment can exert adverse effects to human health. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9871217 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98712172023-01-25 High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways Suyama, Keitaro Kesamaru, Hitoshi Okubo, Takashi Kasatani, Kazumi Tomohara, Keisuke Matsushima, Ayami Nose, Takeru Heliyon Research Article Halogenated flame retardants comprising bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives, such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), have been studied their adverse effects on human health. However, despite the fact that these halogenated BPAs are easily degraded in the environment, the risks to living organisms due to these degraded products have mostly been overlooked. To evaluate the potential toxicity of degraded TBBPAs and related compounds, we examined the cytotoxicity of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives possessing one to four halogen atoms in vitro. The results indicated that the degraded TBBPA derivatives exhibited strong cytotoxicity against HeLa cells than TBBPA. Interestingly, the di-halogenated BPA derivatives possessing two halogen atoms exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity among tested compounds. In addition, a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, fluorescence spectroscopy and flow cytometry results indicated that dibromo-BPA and diiodo-BPA induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death by damaging the cell membranes of HeLa cells. Moreover, Escherichia coli growth was inhibited in the presence of dehalogenated TBBPA and related compounds. These findings suggest that halogenated BPA derivatives that leak from various flame-retardant-containing products require strict monitoring, as not only TBBPA but also its degraded products in environment can exert adverse effects to human health. Elsevier 2023-01-16 /pmc/articles/PMC9871217/ /pubmed/36704289 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13003 Text en © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Research Article Suyama, Keitaro Kesamaru, Hitoshi Okubo, Takashi Kasatani, Kazumi Tomohara, Keisuke Matsushima, Ayami Nose, Takeru High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title | High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title_full | High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title_fullStr | High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title_full_unstemmed | High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title_short | High cytotoxicity of a degraded TBBPA, dibromobisphenol A, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
title_sort | high cytotoxicity of a degraded tbbpa, dibromobisphenol a, through apoptotic and necrosis pathways |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871217/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36704289 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13003 |
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