HPLC/MS characterization of Syzygium aromaticum L. and evaluation of its effects on peritoneal adhesion: Investigating the role of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative factors, and fibrosis and angiogenesis biomarkers

The dried flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum L. (S. aromaticum) (Myrtaceae), cloves, have been used for their analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities. Peritoneal adhesion (PA) is the most common complication of abdominal and pelvic surgeries, which causes significant adverse effects and severe economic burden. The present study aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of S. extract (SAE) on PA formation in a rat model. Male Wistar 8‐week‐old rats were randomly divided into sham, control (received vehicle), and treatment (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w/v of SAE) groups. The adhesion and related factors were examined using the Nair scoring system and immunological and biochemical kits for the levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α], growth factors [transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], oxidative [nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA)], and anti‐oxidative [glutathione (GSH)] factors. Our results figured out that the adhesion score and IL‐6, TNF‐α, TGF‐β1, VEGF, NO, and MDA levels were significantly increased, but the GSH level was decreased in the control group compared to the sham group (p < 0.001–0.05). On the other hand, the 0.25% SAE group had a lower adhesion score, and IL‐6, TNF‐α, TGF‐β1, VEGF, NO, and MDA levels were significantly decreased compared with the vehicle group, and the level of GSH was increased (p < 0.001–0.05). SAE could efficiently reduce adhesion score and regulate inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and anti‐oxidative factors, and biomarkers of fibrosis and angiogenesis. Therefore, clove extract can be considered a potential candidate for PA management.