Quantifying nitrous oxide production rates from nitrification and denitrification under various moisture conditions in agricultural soils: Laboratory study and literature synthesis

Biogenic nitrous oxide (N(2)O) from nitrification and denitrification in agricultural soils is a major source of N(2)O in the atmosphere, and its flux changes significantly with soil moisture condition. However, the quantitative relationship between N(2)O production from different pathways (i.e., nitrification vs. denitrification) and soil moisture content remains elusive, limiting our ability of predicting future agricultural N(2)O emissions under changing environment. This study quantified N(2)O production rates from nitrification and denitrification under various soil moisture conditions using laboratory incubation combined with literature synthesis. (15)N labeling approach was used to differentiate the N(2)O production from nitrification and denitrification under eight different soil moisture contents ranging from 40 to 120% water-filled pore space (WFPS) in the laboratory study, while 80 groups of data from 17 studies across global agricultural soils were collected in the literature synthesis. Results showed that as soil moisture increased, N(2)O production rates of nitrification and denitrification first increased and then decreased, with the peak rates occurring between 80 and 95% WFPS. By contrast, the dominant N(2)O production pathway switched from nitrification to denitrification between 60 and 70% WFPS. Furthermore, the synthetic data elucidated that moisture content was the major driver controlling the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N(2)O production, while NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(−) concentrations mainly determined the N(2)O production rates from each pathway. The moisture treatments with broad contents and narrow gradient were required to capture the comprehensive response of soil N(2)O production rate to moisture change, and the response is essential for accurately predicting N(2)O emission from agricultural soils under climate change scenarios.