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An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection
In this work, we analysed the transcriptome and metatranscriptome profiles of zebrafish exposed to an environmental concentration of the two antibiotics most frequently detected in European inland surface water, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and clarithromycin (CLA). We found that those animals exposed to...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878320/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36713462 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1100092 |
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author | Pereiro, Patricia Rey-Campos, Magalí Figueras, Antonio Novoa, Beatriz |
author_facet | Pereiro, Patricia Rey-Campos, Magalí Figueras, Antonio Novoa, Beatriz |
author_sort | Pereiro, Patricia |
collection | PubMed |
description | In this work, we analysed the transcriptome and metatranscriptome profiles of zebrafish exposed to an environmental concentration of the two antibiotics most frequently detected in European inland surface water, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and clarithromycin (CLA). We found that those animals exposed to antibiotics (SMX+CLA) for two weeks showed a higher bacterial load in both the intestine and kidney; however, significant differences in the relative abundance of certain bacterial classes were found only in the intestine, which also showed an altered fungal profile. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the complement/coagulation system is likely the most altered immune mechanism, although not the only one, in the intestine of fish exposed to antibiotics, with numerous genes inhibited compared to the control fish. On the other hand, the effect of SMX+CLA in the kidney was more modest, and an evident impact on the immune system was not observed. However, infection of both groups with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) revealed a completely different response to the virus and an inability of the fish exposed to antibiotics to respond with an increase in the transcription of complement-related genes, a process that was highly activated in the kidney of the untreated zebrafish after SVCV challenge. Together with the higher susceptibility to SVCV of zebrafish treated with SMX+CLA, this suggests that complement system impairment is one of the most important mechanisms involved in antibiotic-mediated immunosuppression. We also observed that zebrafish larvae exposed to SMX+CLA for 7 days showed a lower number of macrophages and neutrophils. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9878320 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98783202023-01-27 An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection Pereiro, Patricia Rey-Campos, Magalí Figueras, Antonio Novoa, Beatriz Front Immunol Immunology In this work, we analysed the transcriptome and metatranscriptome profiles of zebrafish exposed to an environmental concentration of the two antibiotics most frequently detected in European inland surface water, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and clarithromycin (CLA). We found that those animals exposed to antibiotics (SMX+CLA) for two weeks showed a higher bacterial load in both the intestine and kidney; however, significant differences in the relative abundance of certain bacterial classes were found only in the intestine, which also showed an altered fungal profile. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the complement/coagulation system is likely the most altered immune mechanism, although not the only one, in the intestine of fish exposed to antibiotics, with numerous genes inhibited compared to the control fish. On the other hand, the effect of SMX+CLA in the kidney was more modest, and an evident impact on the immune system was not observed. However, infection of both groups with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) revealed a completely different response to the virus and an inability of the fish exposed to antibiotics to respond with an increase in the transcription of complement-related genes, a process that was highly activated in the kidney of the untreated zebrafish after SVCV challenge. Together with the higher susceptibility to SVCV of zebrafish treated with SMX+CLA, this suggests that complement system impairment is one of the most important mechanisms involved in antibiotic-mediated immunosuppression. We also observed that zebrafish larvae exposed to SMX+CLA for 7 days showed a lower number of macrophages and neutrophils. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9878320/ /pubmed/36713462 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1100092 Text en Copyright © 2023 Pereiro, Rey-Campos, Figueras and Novoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Pereiro, Patricia Rey-Campos, Magalí Figueras, Antonio Novoa, Beatriz An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title | An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title_full | An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title_fullStr | An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title_full_unstemmed | An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title_short | An environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
title_sort | environmentally relevant concentration of antibiotics impairs the immune system of zebrafish (danio rerio) and increases susceptibility to virus infection |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878320/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36713462 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1100092 |
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