Cargando…

Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review

Background: GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; sodium oxybate) is a general anaesthetic that is clinically used for the treatment of narcolepsy, cataplexy, alcohol withdrawal and alcohol relapse prevention. In addition, GHB is recreationally used. Most clinical and recreational users regard GHB as an i...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: van Amsterdam, Jan, Brunt, Tibor M., Pereira, Filipa R., Crunelle, Cleo L., van den Brink, Wim
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Bentham Science Publishers 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878963/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34151766
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210610094352
_version_ 1784878601068347392
author van Amsterdam, Jan
Brunt, Tibor M.
Pereira, Filipa R.
Crunelle, Cleo L.
van den Brink, Wim
author_facet van Amsterdam, Jan
Brunt, Tibor M.
Pereira, Filipa R.
Crunelle, Cleo L.
van den Brink, Wim
author_sort van Amsterdam, Jan
collection PubMed
description Background: GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; sodium oxybate) is a general anaesthetic that is clinically used for the treatment of narcolepsy, cataplexy, alcohol withdrawal and alcohol relapse prevention. In addition, GHB is recreationally used. Most clinical and recreational users regard GHB as an innocent drug devoid of adverse effects, despite its high dependence potential and possible neurotoxic effects. At high doses, GHB may lead to a comatose state. This paper systematically reviews possible cognitive impairments due to clinical and recreational GHB use. Methods: PubMed and PsychINFO were searched for literature data about the acute and residual cognitive deficits following GHB use. This review is conducted using the PRISMA protocol. Results: A total of 43 reports covering human and animal data on GHB-induced cognitive impairments were eligible and reviewed. This systematic review found no indication for cognitive impairments after clinical GHB use. However, it supports the view that moderate GHB use may result in acute short-term cognitive impairments, whereas regular high-dose GHB use and/or multiple GHB-induced comas are probably neurotoxic resulting in long-term residual cognitive impairments. Conclusion: These results emphasize the need for awareness among clinicians and recreational users to minimize negative health consequences of recreational GHB use, particularly when high doses are used and GHB-induced comas occur.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9878963
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher Bentham Science Publishers
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-98789632023-02-09 Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review van Amsterdam, Jan Brunt, Tibor M. Pereira, Filipa R. Crunelle, Cleo L. van den Brink, Wim Curr Neuropharmacol Neurology Background: GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; sodium oxybate) is a general anaesthetic that is clinically used for the treatment of narcolepsy, cataplexy, alcohol withdrawal and alcohol relapse prevention. In addition, GHB is recreationally used. Most clinical and recreational users regard GHB as an innocent drug devoid of adverse effects, despite its high dependence potential and possible neurotoxic effects. At high doses, GHB may lead to a comatose state. This paper systematically reviews possible cognitive impairments due to clinical and recreational GHB use. Methods: PubMed and PsychINFO were searched for literature data about the acute and residual cognitive deficits following GHB use. This review is conducted using the PRISMA protocol. Results: A total of 43 reports covering human and animal data on GHB-induced cognitive impairments were eligible and reviewed. This systematic review found no indication for cognitive impairments after clinical GHB use. However, it supports the view that moderate GHB use may result in acute short-term cognitive impairments, whereas regular high-dose GHB use and/or multiple GHB-induced comas are probably neurotoxic resulting in long-term residual cognitive impairments. Conclusion: These results emphasize the need for awareness among clinicians and recreational users to minimize negative health consequences of recreational GHB use, particularly when high doses are used and GHB-induced comas occur. Bentham Science Publishers 2022-03-28 2022-03-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9878963/ /pubmed/34151766 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210610094352 Text en © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Neurology
van Amsterdam, Jan
Brunt, Tibor M.
Pereira, Filipa R.
Crunelle, Cleo L.
van den Brink, Wim
Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title_full Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title_short Cognitive Impairment Following Clinical or Recreational Use of Gammahydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Systematic Review
title_sort cognitive impairment following clinical or recreational use of gammahydroxybutyric acid (ghb): a systematic review
topic Neurology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9878963/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34151766
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210610094352
work_keys_str_mv AT vanamsterdamjan cognitiveimpairmentfollowingclinicalorrecreationaluseofgammahydroxybutyricacidghbasystematicreview
AT brunttiborm cognitiveimpairmentfollowingclinicalorrecreationaluseofgammahydroxybutyricacidghbasystematicreview
AT pereirafilipar cognitiveimpairmentfollowingclinicalorrecreationaluseofgammahydroxybutyricacidghbasystematicreview
AT crunellecleol cognitiveimpairmentfollowingclinicalorrecreationaluseofgammahydroxybutyricacidghbasystematicreview
AT vandenbrinkwim cognitiveimpairmentfollowingclinicalorrecreationaluseofgammahydroxybutyricacidghbasystematicreview