Anthropogenic interventions on land neutrality in a critically vulnerable estuarine island ecosystem: a case of Munro Island (India)

All landscapes, including estuarine islands, normally try to restore their geomorphic isostasy in all anthropogenic interventions on land dynamics. Munroe Island has been experiencing drastic environmental degradation, such as land subsidence, severe tidal/monsoon flooding, subsidence of build-ups and a drastic decay in agricultural productivity. This paper examines the role of anthropo-geomorphic interventions causing for the land degradation in Munroe Island through a multidisciplinary approach. Multidated, multiresolution satellite products and published maps, spanning a period of about six decades from 1960 to 2021, were used to understand the different geomorphic and geographical processes in the study area. Evaluation of the temporal bathymetric datasets, salinity measurements of the river and estuary, borehole data logs of the area and electrical resistivity surveys of the island were analyzed to find out the causative factors for the disturbances in the land neutrality, along with the tidal hydrodynamic changes in the region. The study shows about 14% of the total land area was vanished during the study period, and more than 25% of the area is under stress, leading to further land degradation. More than 500 households are forced to vacate their residence due to land subsidence/flooding. Lack of required freshwater and sediment supply from the Kallada river after the construction of the Thenmala reservoir in the Kallada river as well as the uncontrolled sand mining prevailed are the key factors for the environmental degradation of Munroe Island. The paper describes the role and colinkages of human-induced hydrogeomorphic interventions on a geomorphic system, in charge of the environmental degradation and land subsidence crisis of an estuarine island ecosystem and discusses the concerns related to the management strategies of such region.