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The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking. METHODS: We included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health L...

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Autores principales: Cui, Zi-yang, Li, Ying-hua, Liu, Zhao, Li, Li, Nie, Xue-qiong, Zhou, Xin-mei, Cheng, An-qi, Li, Jin-xuan, Qin, Rui, Wei, Xiao-wen, Zhao, Liang, Ladmore, Daniella, Pesola, Francesca, Chung, Kian Fan, Chen, Zheng-ming, Hajek, Peter, Xiao, Dan, Wang, Chen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9880314/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36713929
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756
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author Cui, Zi-yang
Li, Ying-hua
Liu, Zhao
Li, Li
Nie, Xue-qiong
Zhou, Xin-mei
Cheng, An-qi
Li, Jin-xuan
Qin, Rui
Wei, Xiao-wen
Zhao, Liang
Ladmore, Daniella
Pesola, Francesca
Chung, Kian Fan
Chen, Zheng-ming
Hajek, Peter
Xiao, Dan
Wang, Chen
author_facet Cui, Zi-yang
Li, Ying-hua
Liu, Zhao
Li, Li
Nie, Xue-qiong
Zhou, Xin-mei
Cheng, An-qi
Li, Jin-xuan
Qin, Rui
Wei, Xiao-wen
Zhao, Liang
Ladmore, Daniella
Pesola, Francesca
Chung, Kian Fan
Chen, Zheng-ming
Hajek, Peter
Xiao, Dan
Wang, Chen
author_sort Cui, Zi-yang
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: To clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking. METHODS: We included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables. RESULTS: Among ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally.
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spelling pubmed-98803142023-01-28 The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19 Cui, Zi-yang Li, Ying-hua Liu, Zhao Li, Li Nie, Xue-qiong Zhou, Xin-mei Cheng, An-qi Li, Jin-xuan Qin, Rui Wei, Xiao-wen Zhao, Liang Ladmore, Daniella Pesola, Francesca Chung, Kian Fan Chen, Zheng-ming Hajek, Peter Xiao, Dan Wang, Chen Front Psychiatry Psychiatry OBJECTIVE: To clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking. METHODS: We included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables. RESULTS: Among ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-01-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9880314/ /pubmed/36713929 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756 Text en Copyright © 2023 Cui, Li, Liu, Li, Nie, Zhou, Cheng, Li, Qin, Wei, Zhao, Ladmore, Pesola, Chung, Chen, Hajek, Xiao and Wang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychiatry
Cui, Zi-yang
Li, Ying-hua
Liu, Zhao
Li, Li
Nie, Xue-qiong
Zhou, Xin-mei
Cheng, An-qi
Li, Jin-xuan
Qin, Rui
Wei, Xiao-wen
Zhao, Liang
Ladmore, Daniella
Pesola, Francesca
Chung, Kian Fan
Chen, Zheng-ming
Hajek, Peter
Xiao, Dan
Wang, Chen
The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title_full The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title_fullStr The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title_full_unstemmed The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title_short The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19
title_sort experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: findings from nationwide china health literacy survey during 2018-19
topic Psychiatry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9880314/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36713929
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1023756
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