A Preliminary Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Study Identifies Metabolites that Could Serve as Diagnostic Markers of Major Depressive Disorder

Background: The evaluation of metabolites that are directly involved in the physiological process, few steps short of phenotypical manifestation, remains vital for unravelling the biological moieties involved in the development of the (MDD) and in predicting its treatment outcome. Methodology: Eight (8) urine and serum samples each obtained from consenting healthy controls (HC), twenty-five (25) urine and serum samples each from first episode treatment naïve MDD (TNMDD) patients, and twenty (22) urine and serum samples each s from treatment naïve MDD patients 2 weeks after SSRI treatment (TWMDD) were analysed for metabolites using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy. The evaluation of patients’ samples was carried out using Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLSDA) models. Results: In the serum, decreased levels of lactate, glucose, glutamine, creatinine, acetate, valine, alanine, and fatty acid and an increased level of acetone and choline in TNMDD or TWMDD irrespective of whether an OPLSDA or PLSDA evaluation was used were identified. A test for statistical validations of these models was successful. Conclusion: Only some changes in serum metabolite levels between HC and TNMDD identified in this study have potential values in the diagnosis of MDD. These changes included decreased levels of lactate, glutamine, creatinine, valine, alanine, and fatty acid, as well as an increased level of acetone and choline in TNMDD. The diagnostic value of these changes in metabolites was maintained in samples from TWMDD patients, thus reaffirming the diagnostic nature of these metabolites for MDD.