Growth and Self-Assembly of CsPbBr(3) Nanocrystals in the TOPO/PbBr(2) Synthesis as Seen with X-ray Scattering

[Image: see text] Despite broad interest in colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs), their intrinsic fast growth has prevented controlled synthesis of small, monodisperse crystals and insights into the reaction mechanism. Recently, a much slower synthesis of LHP NCs with extreme size control has been reported, based on diluted TOPO/PbBr(2) precursors and a diisooctylphosphinate capping ligand. We report new insights into the nucleation, growth, and self-assembly in this reaction, obtained by in situ synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering and optical absorption spectroscopy. We show that dispersed 3 nm Cs[PbBr(3)] agglomerates are the key intermediate species: first, they slowly nucleate into crystals, and then they release Cs[PbBr(3)] monomers for further growth of the crystals. We show the merits of a low Cs[PbBr(3)] monomer concentration for the reaction based on oleate ligands. We also examine the spontaneous superlattice formation mechanism occurring when the growing nanocrystals in the solvent reach a critical size of 11.6 nm.